Rectopen: Pathology

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Showing posts with label Pathology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Pathology. Show all posts
A brief history of Pathology
May 01, 2021
 āĻļāϰীāϰেāύ āύāϰ্āĻŽাāϞ āĻĢাংāĻļাāύ = āĻĢিāϜিāĻ“āϞāϜী,
āĻ্āϝাāĻŦāύāϰ্āĻŽাāϞ āĻĢাংāĻļāύ = āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜী,

āϤাāχ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŦাāχāĻ•ে āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āύāϰ্āĻŽাāϞ, āĻāĻŦং āĻ্āϝাāĻŦāύāϰ্āĻŽাāϞ āĻĻুāχāϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻĢাংāĻļāύāχ āϜাāύাāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ,

āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜি āϜাāύāϞে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āϰ্āĻ—াāύ āĻ•ি āĻĒāϜিāϏāύে āφāĻ›ে āϤা āϜাāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো,
āϰোāĻ—āϟি āφāϰোāĻ—্āϝেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে, āύা āφāϰোāĻ—্āϝেāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে, āϤা āϜাāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো,
āφāϰোāĻ—্āϝেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻšāϞে, āĻ”āώāϧে āϏাāϰāĻŦে, āύা āϏাāϰ্āϜিāĻ•াāϞ, āϤা āϜাāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো,

āφāϰ āφāϰোāĻ—্āϝেāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে āĻ—েāϞে, āĻŦিāώ⧟āϟি āϰোāĻ—ীāĻ•ে, āĻŦা āϤাāϰ āĻŦা⧜ীāϰ āϞোāĻ•āĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে āϜাāύাāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো,
āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻ…āϰ্āĻ—াāύ āĻŦা āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽ āĻ•āϤāϟা āĻ•্āώāϤিāĻ•āϰ āϏ্āϟেāϜে āφāĻ›ে, āϤা āϜাāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϞে āĻĒোāϟেāύāϏি āϏিāϞেāĻ•āĻļāύে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻšāĻŦে, āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻ…āϰ্āĻ—াāύ  āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĄেāϏāϟ্āϰাāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻšāϞে āϞো āĻŦা āύিāĻŽ্āύ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে, āφāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻ—াāύ āĻŦেāĻļী āĻĄেāϏāϟ্āϰাāĻ•āĻļāύ āύা āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĢাংāĻļāύাāϞ āĻĄিāϏāϟাāϰāĻŦাāύāϏ āĻšāϞে āωāϚ্āϚ āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻ”āώāϧ āĻĻিāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ,

āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜী āϜাāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϞে āφāĻŽāϰা āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āĻĄেāϏāϟ্āϰাāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāϞিāĻĢাāϰেāĻļāύ —- āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒাāϰāϟি āĻ•ি āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϤা āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻĒাāϰি, āĻĢāϞে āϰোāĻ—ীāϟি āĻ•োāύ āĻŽা⧟াāϜāĻŽেāϰ āϤাāϰ āφāĻ­াāώ āĻĒেāϤে āĻĒাāϰি, āĻ•াāϰāύ—- āϝāϤ āĻŦেāĻļী āĻĄেāϏāϟ্āϰাāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦো, āϤাāϰ āĻŽাāύে āϏিāĻĢিāϞিāϟিāĻ•, āφāϰ āϝāϤ āĻŦেāĻļী āĻĒ্āϰāϞিāĻĢাāϰেāĻļāύ āĻŦা āχāύāĻ•োāĻ…āϰ্āĻĄিāύেāĻļāύ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦো, āϤাāϰ āĻŽাāύে āϏাāχāĻ•োāϟিāĻ•,

āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜিāϰ āύāϞেāϜ āĻŦেāĻļী āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āϤাāχ, seat of lesion āĻŦুāĻে āĻĄীāĻĒ āĻ্āϝাāĻ•āϟিং āĻŽা⧟াāϜāĻŽেāϟিāĻ• āĻŽেāĻĄিāϏিāύ āĻĻি⧟ে āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏা āĻ•āϰāĻŦো, āύা āϏāϰ্āϟ āĻ্āϝাāĻ•āϟিং āϏুāĻĒাāϰāĻĢিāϏি⧟াāϞ āĻŽেāĻĄিāϏিāύ āĻĻি⧟ে āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏা āĻ•āϰāĻŦো, āϤা āϏāĻšāϜেāχ āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো,

āύāϞেāϜ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜী āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ•োāύ্ āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āĻ•োāύ্ āϏিāĻŽāĻĒāϟāĻŽāϏāĻ—ুāϞি āĻ•āĻŽāύ, āφāϰ āĻ•োāύāĻ—ুāϞি āφāύāĻ•āĻŽāύ, āϤা āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো, āĻĢāϞে āĻ•āĻŽāύ āϏিāĻŽāĻĒāϟāĻŽāϏ āĻŦাāĻĻ āĻĻি⧟ে āφāύāĻ•āĻŽāύ āĻŦা āĻĄিāϟাāϰāĻŽিāύেāϟিāĻ­ āϏিāĻŽāĻĒāϟāĻŽāϏāĻ—ুāϞি āϰেāĻ–ে āϤাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏিāĻŽāĻĒāϟāĻŽāϏ āĻāĻ­াāϞু⧟েāĻļāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো,

āύāϞেāϜ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜী āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•āϟিāϏ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻŽেāĻĄিāϏিāύ āϜাāύāϞে āφāĻŽāϰা āϰোāĻ—ীāϰ āĻ–াāĻĻ্āϝ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽāύ্āϧী⧟ āωāĻĒāĻĻেāĻļ āĻ িāĻ•āĻŽāϤāύ āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো, āĻ•াāϰāύ—āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϰোāĻ—ে āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ–াāĻĻ্āϝāĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝেāϰ āϰেāϏāϟ্āϰিāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻŦা āĻŦাāϧাāύিāώেāϧ āĻĨাāĻ•ে,

āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜী āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•āϟিāϏ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻŽেāĻĄিāϏিāύেāϰ āύāϞেāϜ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে, āφāĻŽāϰা āϏāĻ িāĻ• āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āύাāĻŽ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•েāϞ āϏাāϰ্āϟিāĻĢিāĻ•েāϟ āχāϏু āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো ,

Knowledge of Pathology or Practice of Medicine āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে, āφāĻŽāϰা āχāύāĻĢেāĻ•āϏাāϏ āĻŦা āĻ•āύāϟেāϜে⧟াāϜ āϰোāĻ— āϧāϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো, āĻāĻŦং āϝাāϤে āϰোāĻ— āύা āĻ›ā§œা⧟ āϤাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϰোāĻ—ীāĻ•ে āϏেāĻĒাāϰেāĻļāύāϟ āĻŦা āφāχāϏোāϞেāĻļāύ āĻŦা āĻ•ো⧟াāϰেāύāϟাāχāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϚ্āĻ›ে āύāϞেāϜ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜী āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•āϟিāϏ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻŽেāĻĄিāϏিāύ āϏāĻŦ āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•েāϞ āĻŦ্āϰাāĻž্āϚেāϰ āĻŽāϤāύ āĻšোāĻŽিāĻ“āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨিāĻ• āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›েāĻ“ āĻ…āĻĒāϰিāĻšাāϰ্āϝ, 

Why need for pathological knowledge?

To help, selection of a medicine,
To help, selection of a potency,
To help, selection of doses ,
To help, repetition of a medicine,
To isolation a patient,
To issue a medical certificate,
To issue, a death certificate,
To selection of the Miasm,
To know the prognosis of a Case, but not helps at all, 
To select a similimum,

Reference of--  https://homeopathicbd.com /āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜি-āĻ“-āĻšোāĻŽিāĻ“āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨি/


āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜি āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏা āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—, āϝে āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—ে, āĻ•ি āĻ•ি āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•েāύ āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āĻļāϰীāϰ āĻ…āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āϰোāĻ— āĻ•ি, āφāϰ āĻ•েāύ āĻāχ āĻ…āϏুāϏ্āĻĨāϤাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ—েāϰ āĻ•ি āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻāĻŦং āĻāχ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻ•্āϰāĻŽাāĻ­িāĻŦ্āϝাāĻ•্āϤি āĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤি āĻ•ি āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ…āϏুāϏ্āĻĨāϤা āĻŦা āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻ•ি? āĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āϏংāĻ—্āϰāĻšেāϰ āĻ…āύুāϏāύ্āϧাāύ , āĻŦাāϰ āĻŦাāϰ āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώাāϰ āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝে āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āϝাāϚাāχ āĻ“ āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ āϝে āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύে  āϤাāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜি āĻŦা āϰোāĻ— āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝা āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ ।



Special sense- Taste and Smell
January 15, 2021

Primary taste sensation:

The five basic tastes—sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami—result from a chemical reaction between stimuli (food) in the mouth reacting with receptors (taste buds).

Special sense- Taste and Smell
Special sense- Taste and Smell

Sweet- The most elemental of taste pleasures, sweetness signals the presence of sugars, the foundation of the food chain and a source of energy. Today, though, our sweet tooth is overstimulated by an avalanche of sugar in our diet.



Bitter- A poison alarm, bitterness is a distinctive bad taste accompanied by a reflexive “yuck” expression on the face. Hundreds of substances, mostly found in plants, taste bitter. But a little bitterness makes food interesting—and healthy. Antioxidants, which aid metabolism and help the body ward off cancer, account for much of the bitter taste of kale, dark chocolate and coffee.

Salty- Our brains are programmed so that a little salt tastes good, and a lot tastes bad. This ensures we consume just enough to maintain the salt balance our bodies need to function. But beware—your palate can adapt to crave a lot of salt, as in the case of people who eat the typical American diet. The good news: If you cut back on salt, your taste buds can adapt to be satisfied with less.

Sour- The mouth-puckering sensation is caused by acids in lemons, yogurt and sourdough bread and other food. Scientists aren’t sure exactly how it works, or even its precise biological purpose, but many suspect that sourness originally signaled that food was decomposing and was potentially unsafe to eat.

Umami- Japanese for “delicious taste,” umami is produced by certain amino acids. It’s best described as “savory”—a taste rich in flavor released by cooking, curing or aging. Examples of umami foods include seared and cured meats, aged cheeses, fish sauce, green tea, soy sauce and cooked tomatoes.

Taste
Taste

Taste buds:

Taste buds contain the taste receptor cells, which are also known as gustatory cells. The taste receptors are located around the small structures known as papillae found on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus, the cheek, and epiglottis.


There are three types of taste buds papillae:

Fungiform papilla- The fungiform papillae are broad flat structures that house taste buds in the central portion of the dorsum (back) of the tongue. These papillae were thought to resemble a fungus: a little mushroom. Fungiform means mushroom-shaped. From fungi-, fungus + forma, shape. Each fungiform papillae usually contains 3-5 taste buds.

Circumvallate taste buds papillae- Circumvallate papillae are located at the base of your tongue. They're large and round, and they house several thousand taste buds.

Foliate taste buds papillae- Their location is on the lateral sides of the tongue. The foliate papillae are involved in the sensations of taste and have taste buds embedded in their surfaces.

Taste blindness:
  • The inability of a person to feel the taste of any item and to identify it.
  • A reduction in sensitivity  to bitter tastes as a result of having less taste buds. 
  • In taste blindness a person has fewer taste buds for each taste sensation .
  • Some people are taste blind for certain substances, especially for different type of thiourea compounds.
  • A substance used frequently by psychologists for demonstrating taste blindness is phenylthiocarbamide.

Causes of taste  blindness:
  • Upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold.
  • Sinus infections.
  • Middle ear infections.
  • Poor oral hygiene and dental problems, such as gingivitis.
  • Exposure to some chemicals, such as insecticides.
  • Surgeries on the mouth, throat, nose, or ear.
  • Head injuries.
How do I get my taste buds back to normal?
    In the meantime, here are some other things you can try:
    • Try cold foods, which may be easier to taste than hot foods.
    • Drink plenty of fluids.
    • Brush your teeth before and after eating.
    • Ask your doctor to recommend products that may help with dry mouth.
        Lemon helps to restore back the sense of smell and taste. It fights the bacterial and viral infections thus makes the nasal passage clear. Mixing lemon juice and honey in a glass of water is an effective remedy to treat this problem.

        Smell receptors and their location:

        • Olfactory receptors are able to detect air-borne odour molecules that enter the nasal cavity and bind to olfactory receptors.
        • There are 400 olfactory receptors (ORs) to detect odors, but there is currently no model that can predict olfactory perception from receptor activity patterns.

        • Odorants dissolve in the mucus and bind to receptors. Dissolved odorants stimulate olfactory sensory neurons by binding to receptor proteins in the olfactory cilium membranes.
        • An olfactory receptor has a life span of about one month.



        Location: 
        Occupies the superior part of the nasal cavity  and extending along the superior nasal concha. 

        Smell information also goes to the thalamus, a structure that serves as a relay station for all of the sensory information coming into the brain.

        Abnormalities of olfaction:
        What are the smell disorders?
        • Hyposmia- is a reduced ability to detect odors.
        • Anosmia- is the complete inability to detect odors. In rare cases, someone may be born without a sense of smell, a condition called congenital anosmia.
        • Dysosmia- A distortion of the sense of smell. 
        What causes smell disorders?
        1. Aging
        2. Sinus and other upper respiratory infections
        3. Smoking
        4. Growths in the nasal cavities
        5. Head injury
        6. Hormonal disturbances
        7. Dental problems
        8. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as insecticides and solvents
        9. Numerous medications, including some common antibiotics and antihistamines
        10. Radiation for treatment of head and neck cancers
        11. Conditions that affect the nervous system, such as Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease.


        Pathology of Cardiovascular System
        December 23, 2020
        What is Pathology of Cardiovascular System ?

        Cardiovascular pathology is the study of diseases that affect the heart and vascular structures. Diseases of the myocardium, endocardium, pericardium, and vascular structures as well as congenital cardiovascular anomalies and tumors of the cardiovascular system will be discussed.


        What are the 5 main parts of the cardiovascular system?

        • Blood.
        • The heart.
        • The right side of the heart.
        • The left side of the heart.
        • Blood vessels.
        • Arteries.
        • Capillaries.
        • Veins.


        What are the 4 types of Cardiovascular Disease?

        • Coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease occurs when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle is blocked or reduced.
        • Strokes and TIAs.
        • Peripheral arterial disease.
        • Aortic disease.
        What are the main types of cardiovascular disease?

        1. Coronary artery disease is the build-up of plaque in the arteries supplying blood to the heart.
        2. Peripheral artery disease is the build-up of plaque in the arteries supplying blood to the arms and legs.
        3. Carotid artery disease is the build-up of plaque in the arteries that supply blood to the brain.


        The Heart

        Inflammation

        • Carditis: Inflammation of heart.
        • Myocarditis: Inflammation of myocardium.
        • Endocarditis: inflammation of endocardium.
        • Rheumatic heart disease: cardiac disorders due to Rheumatic fever. Mainly carditis and valvular disorder found in Rheumatic fever.
        • Rheumatic fever: an immunological systemic inflammatory condition that can affect heart.
        • Cardiomyopathy -āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄিāĻ“āĻŽাāϝ়োāĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨি : myocardial abnormality leading to diminishing cardiac performance.

        Hemodynamic:

        • Ischemic heart disease: Ischemia of heart muscle.
        • Myocardial infarction: Ischemic necrosis of cardiac muscle.
        • Angina pectoris: Chest pain due to myocardial ischemia.

        Hypertensive:

        • Systemic hypertension: Persistent rise of systemic blood pressure above normal upper level.
        • Pulmonary hypertension: Hypertension in pulmonary artery.

        Hypertrophy:

        • Ventricular hypertrophy: Enlargement of ventricle
        • Atrial hypertrophy: Enlargement of atrium
        • Cardiomegaly: Enlargement of heart

        Functional disorder:

        • Arhythmia-- it means irregular heartbeat.
        • Atrial fibrillation-- Arhythmia characterized by rapid and irregular heart rate.
        • Left ventricular failure-- Reduction of left ventricular output.
        • Right ventricular failure-- Reduction of right ventricular output.
        • Congestive cardiac failure-- This term congestive cardiac failure means right failure as a result of pre-existing left heart failure.
        • Bi ventricular heart failure-- Reduction of both ventricular output.

        Valvular Disease:
        Regurgitation (Insufficiency)-- Failure of complete closure of valve leading to reversed blood flow.
        Stenosis-- Inflammatory fibrosis of valve lead to valvular dysfunction.

        Neoplasm:
        Benign-- Myxoma, Lipoma, papillary Fibroelastoma
        Malignant-- Cardiac angiosarcomas

        Pericardium:
        Pericarditis-- Inflammation of pericardium
        Pericardial effusion-- Accumulation of excess fluid within pericardial sac.

        Artery:

        Inflammatory and necrotic-
        • Vasculitis-- Inflammation of any blood vessel (artery and vein). Common causes includes bacterial, immunological, injury etc.
        • Arteritis-- Inflammation of artery.
        • Polyarteritis nodosa-- It is a necrotising inflammation of artery.
        • Thrombo angitis obliterans-- It is the segmental thrombosing inflammation of small vessels of lower limb.
        • Temporal arteritis-- Granulomatous inflammation of medium and small branches of temporal artery.
        • Aneurism-- Localized abnormal dilatation of vessel. Principal cause include atherosclerosis, necrosis, inflammation etc.
        Related to vessel wall-
        • Atherosclerosis-- Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial wall due to fibrofatty plaque formation.
        • Arteriosclerosis-- Proliferative and hyaline thickening of small artery and arterioles.
        • Vasospasm-- Spasm of blood vessels (includes both artery and vein).

        Neoplasm-
        Neoplastic disorders of blood vessels can arise from both artery and vein. Some common vascular neoplasm.
        • Benign-- eg. Hemangioma
        • Intermediate-- eg. Hemangioendothelioma
        • Malignant-- eg. Angiosarcoma, Kaposi's Sarcoma.

        Vein-
        Phlebitis-- Inflammation of vein
        Varicose vein-- Enlargement and dilatation of vein.
        Arteriovenous fistula-- Abnormal channel between adjacent artery and vein.




        Pathological disease
        December 13, 2020

        • Cell Injury
        • Inflammation
        • Edema
        • Necrosis & Gangrene
        • Ulcer, Sinus, Fistula, Polyps, Cysts
        • Wound healing & repair 



        Cell Injury/Damage:

        Defined as a variety of stress, a cell encounter as a result in changes in its internal and external environment.
        Cell death, the ultimate result of cell injury.

        Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. ... Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible. Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, homeostasis is restored.

        āĻ•োāώেāϰ āĻ•্āώāϝ়āĻ•্āώāϤি (āĻ•োāώেāϰ āφāϘাāϤ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦেāĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ) āĻš'āϞ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϏ্āϟ্āϰেāϏেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϝা āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āϏেāϞ āĻŦāĻšিāϰাāĻ—āϤ āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻ­োāĻ—ে। ... āĻ•োāώেāϰ āĻ•্āώāϤিāϟি āĻĒুāύāϰাāϝ় āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύāϝোāĻ—্āϝ āĻŦা āĻ…āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύীāϝ় āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āφāϘাāϤেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰে, āϏেāϞুāϞাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়াāϟি āĻ…āĻ­িāϝোāϜিāϤ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻāĻŦং āϝেāĻ–াāύে āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ, āĻšোāĻŽিāĻ“āϏ্āϟেāϏিāϏ āĻĒুāύāϰুāĻĻ্āϧাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়।

        Homeostasis: āĻšোāĻŽিāĻ“āϏ্āϟেāϏিāϏ, āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āϏ্āĻŦ-āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়া āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϜৈāĻŦিāĻ• āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŦেঁāϚে āĻĨাāĻ•াāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āĻ…āύুāĻ•ূāϞ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻŽāĻž্āϜāϏ্āϝ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤা āĻŦāϜাāϝ় āϰাāĻ–ে। āĻšোāĻŽিāĻ“āϏ্āϟেāϏিāϏ āĻŦāϜাāϝ় āϰাāĻ–াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻāϟি āϏাāϰা āĻļāϰীāϰ āϜুāĻĄ়ে āĻ•োāώ, āϟিāϏ্āϝু, āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ— āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ— āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻ•াāϜ। āϝāĻĻি āĻšোāĻŽিāĻ“āϏ্āϟেāϏিāϏ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāϝ়, āϜীāĻŦāύ āϚāϞāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•ে; āϝāĻĻি āĻŦ্āϝāϰ্āĻĨ āĻšāϝ়, āĻŦিāĻĒāϰ্āϝāϝ় āĻŦা āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āϘāϟে।

        Cause of cell injury: Reversible Cell Injury -RCI
                                            Irreversible Cell Injury-ICI

         Reversible Cell Injury -RCI

         Oxygen deprivation
        •Hypoxia (lack of oxygen reaching the tissues)
        •Ischemia (inadequate blood supply to an organ)
        Physical agents
        •Mechanical trauma
        •Extremes of temperature (burns and deep cold)
        •Sudden changes in atmospheric pressure
        •Radiations
        •Electric shock
         
        Irreversible Cell Injury-ICI
        •Chemical agents and drugs
        •Infectious agents
        •Immunologic reactions
        •Genetic diseases
        •Nutritional imbalances

        Inflammation:āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāĻš

        Inflammation is a defensive process that a living body initiates or start against local tissue damage. It takes the form of a complex reaction of blood vessels, certain plasma components and blood cells, and cellular and structural components of connective tissue.

        āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāĻš āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰāĻ•্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়া āϝা āĻāĻ•āϟি āϜীāĻŦāύ্āϤ āĻĻেāĻš āϏ্āĻĨাāύীāϝ় āϟিāϏ্āϝুāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻ•্āώāϤিāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻļুāϰু āĻ•āϰে। āĻāϟি āϰāĻ•্āϤāύাāϞী, āϜāϟিāϞ āĻĒ্āϞাāϜāĻŽা āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύ āĻāĻŦং āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•োāώ āĻāĻŦং āϏংāϝোāϜāĻ• āϟিāϏ্āϝুāϰ āϏেāϞুāϞাāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻ—āϤ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϜāϟিāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়াāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āύেāϝ়।

        Terms ending in the suffix “–itis” denote inflammation.

        Plasma is the clear, straw-colored liquid portion of blood that remains after red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and other cellular components are removed. It is the single largest component of human blood, comprising about 55 percent, and contains water, salts, enzymes, antibodies and other proteins.

        āϰāĻ•্āϤāϰāϏ āĻš'āϞ āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāώ্āĻ•াāϰ, āĻ–āĻĄ়েāϰ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖেāϰ āϤāϰāϞ āĻ…ংāĻļ āϝা āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•া, āϏাāĻĻা āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•া, āĻĒ্āϞেāϟāϞেāϟāĻ—ুāϞি āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āϏেāϞুāϞাāϰ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύāĻ—ুāϞি āĻ…āĻĒāϏাāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝাāϝ়। āĻāϟি āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻŦৃāĻšāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύ āϝা āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় 55 āĻļāϤাংāĻļ āύিāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϤে āϜāϞ, āϞāĻŦāĻŖ, āĻāύāϜাāχāĻŽ, āĻ…্āϝাāύ্āϟিāĻŦāĻĄি āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে।

        Cause of Inflammation:

        Physical agents- extreme temperatures, electric shock, radiation, mechanical injures, etc.
        Chemical agents- Products of metabolism, acids, alkalis, drugs, tissue
        Necrosis.
        Biological agents- Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi), parasites (helminths, insects).

        Metabolism is the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy.
        āĻŦিāĻĒাāĻ• āĻš'āϞ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻ•োāώāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āϰাāϏাāϝ়āύিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়া āϝা āĻ–াāĻĻ্āϝāĻ•ে āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāϤে āϰূāĻĒাāύ্āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰে।

        The classification of inflammation
        According to the course- Acute, Sub-acute, Chronic
        According to the predominant phase- Alterative, Exudative, Proliferative (Productive)
        According to the causative factors- Trivial, Specific

        What is Edema āĻļোāĻĨ:
        Fluid retention or swelling, is the buildup of fluid in the body's tissue.

        Factors to be considered

        •Increased hydrostatic pressure
        •Reduced colloidal or oncotic pressure within blood vessels
        •Increased tissue colloidal or oncotic pressure
        •Increased blood vessel wall permeability (e.g., inflammation)
        •Obstruction of fluid clearance in the lymphatic system
        •Changes in the water retaining properties of the tissues themselves. Raised hydrostatic pressure often reflects retention of water and sodium by the kidneys.

        Type of edema: Could be named in many types

        Peripheral edema: This affects the feet ankles, legs, hands, and arms. Signs include swelling, puffiness, and difficulty moving a part of the body.

        āĻĒেāϰিāĻĢেāϰাāϞ āĻļোāĻĨ: āĻāϟি āĻĒাāϝ়েāϰ āĻ—োāĻĄ়াāϞি, āĻĒা, āĻšাāϤ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦাāĻšুāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦিāϤ āĻ•āϰে। āϞāĻ•্āώāĻŖāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে āĻĢুāϞে āϝাāĻ“āϝ়া, āĻĢুঁāĻ•āĻĄ়াāύো āĻāĻŦং āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻ…ংāĻļে āϚāϞা āĻ…āϏুāĻŦিāϧা।

        Pulmonary edema: Excess fluid collects in the lungs, making breathing difficult. May due to congestive heart failure or acute lung injury and it can lead to respiratory failure and death.

        āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āĻāĻĄিāĻŽা: āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āϤāϰāϞ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏে āϏংāĻ—্āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰে, āĻļ্āĻŦাāϏāĻ•āώ্āϟāĻ•ে āĻļāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰে āϤোāϞে। āĻ•āύāϜিāϏ্āϟিāĻ­ āĻšাāϰ্āϟেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāϰ্āĻĨāϤা āĻŦা āϤীāĻŦ্āϰ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏেāϰ āφāϘাāϤেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻāĻŦং āĻāϟি āĻļ্āĻŦাāϏāϝāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāϰ্āĻĨāϤা āĻāĻŦং āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

        Cerebral edema: This occurs in the brain. Symptoms include headache, neck pain or stiffness, whole or partial vision loss, change in consciousness or mental state, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness.

        āϏেāϰিāĻŦ্āϰাāϞ āĻļোāĻĨ: āĻāϟি āĻŽāϏ্āϤিāώ্āĻ•ে āϘāϟে। āϞāĻ•্āώāĻŖāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŽাāĻĨাāĻŦ্āϝāĻĨা, āϘাāĻĄ়ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻĨা āĻŦা āĻļāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝ়া, āĻĒুāϰো āĻŦা āφংāĻļিāĻ• āĻĻৃāώ্āϟি āĻš্āϰাāϏ, āϚেāϤāύা āĻŦা āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ, āĻŦāĻŽি āĻŦāĻŽি āĻ­াāĻŦ, āĻŦāĻŽিāĻ­াāĻŦ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāĻĨা āϘোāϰা āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ।

        Macular edema: This is a serious complication of diabetic retinopathy. Swelling occurs in the macula, the part of the eye that enables detailed, central vision. The person may notice changes to their central vision and how they see colors.

        āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ•ুāϞাāϰ āĻļোāĻĨ: āĻāϟি āĻĄাāϝ়াāĻŦেāϟিāĻ• āϰেāϟিāύোāĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨিāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤāϰ āϜāϟিāϞāϤা। āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ•ুāϞাāϝ় āĻĢোāϞা āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻĻেāϝ়, āϚোāĻ–েāϰ āϏেāχ āĻ…ংāĻļ āϝা āĻŦিāĻļিāώ্āϟ, āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰীāϝ় āĻĻৃāώ্āϟি āϏāĻ•্āώāĻŽ āĻ•āϰে। āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰীāϝ় āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—িāϤে āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϰা āĻ•ীāĻ­াāĻŦে āϰāĻ™ āĻĻেāĻ–ে āϤা āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

        Necrosis

        Necrosis is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis.

        āύেāĻ•্āϰোāϏিāϏ āĻš'āϞ āĻ•োāώেāϰ āφāϘাāϤেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āϝা āĻ…āϟোāϞেāϏিāϏেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϜীāĻŦāύ্āϤ āϟিāϏ্āϝুāϤে āĻ•োāώāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻ…āĻ•াāϞ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āϘāϟে।

        There are six distinctive morphological patterns of necrosis

        1.Coagulative necrosis: This pattern of necrosis is typically seen in hypoxic (low-oxygen) environments, such as infarction, common in tissues such as the kidney, heart and adrenal glands.

        2.Liquefective necrosis (or colliquative necrosis): This is typical of bacterial, or sometimes fungal, infections because of their ability to stimulate an inflammatory response.

        3.Gangrenous necrosis can be considered a type of coagulative necrosis that resembles mummified tissue. It is characteristic of ischemia of lower limb and the gastrointestinal tracts. If superimposed infection of dead tissues occurs, then liquefactive necrosis ensues (wet gangrene)

        4.Caseous necrosis can be considered a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, typically caused by mycobacteria (e.g. tuberculosis), fungi and some foreign substances.

        5.Fat necrosis is specialized necrosis of fat tissue, resulting from the action of activated lipases on fatty tissues such as the pancreas.

        6.Fibrinoid necrosis is a special form of necrosis usually caused by immune-mediated vascular damage.


        Introduction of Pathology
        December 11, 2020

        The word PATHOLOGY is derived from two Greek words-

        PATHOS, meaning Suffering and LOGOS, meaning Study.

        āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜি āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏা āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—, āϝে āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—ে āĻ•ি āĻ•ি āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•েāύ āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āĻļāϰীāϰ āĻ…āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āϰোāĻ— āĻ•ি, āφāϰ āĻ•েāύ āĻāχ āĻ…āϏুāϏ্āĻĨāϤাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ—েāϰ āĻ•ি āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻāĻŦং āĻāχ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻ•্āϰāĻŽাāĻ­িāĻŦ্āϝাāĻ•্āϤি āĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤি āĻ•ি āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ…āϏুāϏ্āĻĨāϤা āĻŦা āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻ•ি? āĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āϏংāĻ—্āϰāĻšেāϰ āĻ…āύুāϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦাāϰ āĻŦাāϰ āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώাāϰ āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝে āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āϝাāϚাāχ āĻ“ āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ āϝে āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύে  āϤাāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜি āĻŦা āϰোāĻ— āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝা āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ।

        Pathology
        Pathology

        The science of the causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.

        Pathological features considered collectively the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury and the typical behaviour of a disease condition.


        āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜি āĻĄা⧟াāĻ—āύāϏ্āϟিāĻ• āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻ িāĻ• āϰোāĻ— āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟েāϰ āĻŦিāώ⧟āϟি āĻ…āύেāĻ•াংāĻļেāχ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰāĻļীāϞ। āφāĻ—ে āϰোāĻ—ীāϰ āύা⧜ি āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻ•িংāĻŦা āĻšাঁāϟাāϚāϞা āĻĻেāĻ–ে āϰোāĻ— āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟ āĻ•āϰা āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āĻāĻ–āύ āϤা āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ। āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āϝেāĻ•োāύো āϰোāĻ— āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟েāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻļāϰ্āϤ āĻšāϞো āϰোāĻ—ীāϰ āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏ, āĻļাāϰীāϰিāĻ• āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώা āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŦāĻļেāώে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜিāĻ•াāϞ āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώা। āĻāχ āϤিāύāϟি āĻŦিāώ⧟েāϰ āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦ⧟ āĻ›া⧜া āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻ•োāύো āϰোāĻ— āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟ āĻŦা āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏা āĻ•িংāĻŦা āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻĢāϞোāφāĻĒ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āύ⧟।

        āĻ•োāύো āϰোāĻ—ী āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ•েāϰ āĻļāϰāĻŖাāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻšāϞে āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ• āϰোāĻ—ীāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏ āϜেāύে āϤাāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώা-āύিāϰীāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰে āϤাāϰ āĻ•্āϞিāύিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻĄা⧟াāĻ—āύāϏিāϏ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āĻāχ āĻ•্āϞিāύিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻĄা⧟াāĻ—āύāϏিāϏেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤ āĻ•āϰে āϰোāĻ—ীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰাāύোāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻেāύ āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ•। āϤাāϰāĻĒāϰ āϰোāĻ—ী āϝাāύ āϞ্āϝাāĻŦāϰāϟāϰিāϤে, āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώাāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ•āϰাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ।

        āĻĒ্āϝāĻĨāϞāϜি āĻ•েāύ ? āϏāĻ িāĻ• āϰোāĻ— āύিāϰ্āύ⧟েāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϰোāĻ—ীāϰ āφāϰোāĻ—্āϝ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা। āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•েāϞ āĻĒ্āϝāĻĨāϞāϜিāϏ্āϟāĻĻেāϰ āϰিāĻĒোāϰ্āϟেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ• āϰোāĻ—ীāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­ুāϞ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ।

        Homeopathy and pathology

        Normal function of body- Physiology
        Abnormal function of body- Pathology

        āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜি āϜাāύāϞে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āϰ্āĻ—াāύ āĻ•ি āĻĒāϜিāϏāύে āφāĻ›ে āϤা āϜাāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো,āϰোāĻ—āϟি āφāϰোāĻ—্āϝেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে, āύা āφāϰোāĻ—্āϝেāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে, āϤা āϜাāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো, āφāϰোāĻ—্āϝেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻšāϞে, āĻ”āώāϧে āϏাāϰāĻŦে, āύা āϏাāϰ্āϜিāĻ•াāϞ, āϤা āϜাāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো, āφāϰ āφāϰোāĻ—্āϝেāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে āĻ—েāϞে, āĻŦিāώ⧟āϟি āϰোāĻ—ীāĻ•ে, āĻŦা āϤাāϰ āĻŦা⧜ীāϰ āϞোāĻ•āĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে āϜাāύাāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦো,

        āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻ…āϰ্āĻ—াāύ āĻŦা āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽ āĻ•āϤāϟা āĻ•্āώāϤিāĻ•āϰ āϏ্āϟেāϜে āφāĻ›ে, āϤা āϜাāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϞে āĻĒোāϟেāύāϏি āϏিāϞেāĻ•āĻļāύে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻšāĻŦে, āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻ…āϰ্āĻ—াāύ āĻŦেāĻļী āĻĄেāϏāϟ্āϰাāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻšāϞে āϞো āĻŦা āύিāĻŽ্āύ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে, āφāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻ—াāύ āĻŦেāĻļী āĻĄেāϏāϟ্āϰাāĻ•āĻļāύ āύা āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĢাংāĻļāύাāϞ āĻĄিāϏāϟাāϰāĻŦাāύāϏ āĻšāϞে āωāϚ্āϚ āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻ”āώāϧ āĻĻিāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ,

        āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜী āϜাāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϞে āφāĻŽāϰা āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āĻĄেāϏāϟ্āϰাāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāϞিāĻĢাāϰেāĻļāύ — āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒাāϰāϟি āĻ•ি āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϤা āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻĒাāϰি, āĻĢāϞে āϰোāĻ—ীāϟি āĻ•োāύ āĻŽা⧟াāϜāĻŽেāϰ āϤাāϰ āφāĻ­াāώ āĻĒেāϤে āĻĒাāϰি, āĻ•াāϰāύ— āϝāϤ āĻŦেāĻļী āĻĄেāϏāϟ্āϰাāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦো, āϤাāϰ āĻŽাāύে āϏিāĻĢিāϞিāϟিāĻ•, āφāϰ āϝāϤ āĻŦেāĻļী āĻĒ্āϰāϞিāĻĢাāϰেāĻļāύ āĻŦা āχāύāĻ•োāĻ…āϰ্āĻĄিāύেāĻļāύ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦো, āϤাāϰ āĻŽাāύে āϏাāχāĻ•োāϟিāĻ•,


        Branches of Pathology:

        Anatomical:  Deals gross, microscopic, chemical, immunologic and molecular examination of   organs, tissues, and whole bodies.
        āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ—, āϟিāϏ্āϝু āĻāĻŦং āĻĒুāϰো āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨূāϞ, āĻ…āĻŖুāĻŦীāĻ•্āώāĻŖিāĻ•, āϰাāϏাāϝ়āύিāĻ•, āχāĻŽিāωāύোāϞāϜিāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āφāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰে।

        Cytological: Studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level.

        Dermatological: Deals the skin and the rest of the integumentary system as an organ.

        Forensic: Determining the cause of death by post-mortem examination.

        Histological:
        Refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen.

        Pulmonary:
        Deals with diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the lungs and thoracic pleura.

        Neurological:
        The study of disease of nervous system and nerve tissue.

        Renal:
        Study the diagnosis and characterization of disease of the kidneys.

        Surgical:
        Involves the gross and microscopic examination of surgical specimens, as well as biopsies.


        Clinical: Concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine, as well as tissues, using the tools of chemistry, clinical microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology.

        Hematological: Study of diseases of blood cells (including constituents such as white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets) and the tissues, and organs comprising the hematopoietic system.

        Molecular: The study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids.

        Oral and maxillofacial:
        Concerned with diagnosis and study of the causes and effects of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial region.

        Aims of Pathology:

        • Identify the cause of disease
        • Exclude the mechanisms of development (pathogenesis)
        • Follow the structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes), and
        • The consequences of changes (clinical manifestations)
        Objective of Pathology:

        The etiology of a disease is its cause or origin. Etiology is also the name for the study of the causes of diseases.
        āĻāϟিāĻ“āϞāϜি āĻš'āϞ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻŦা āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ। āĻāϟিāĻ“āϞāϜিāĻ“ āϰোāĻ—āĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻ…āϧ্āϝāϝ়āύেāϰ āύাāĻŽ।

        Pathogenesis: The development of a disease and the chain of events leading to that disease.
        āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨোāϜেāύেāϏিāϏ: āĻāĻ•āϟি āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļ āĻāĻŦং āϏেāχ āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞিāϤ āχāĻ­েāύ্āϟāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻļৃāĻ™্āĻ–āϞা।

        The pathogenesis of a disease is the biological mechanism (or mechanisms) that leads to a diseased state. The term can also describe the origin and development of the disease, and whether it is acute, chronic, or recurrent.

        Morphological:
        In biology and medicine, it is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

        In pathology, it is the visual study of the anomalies caused by diseases, called morphological anomalies. They can be seen at the naked eye - macroscopy ( macroscopical anomalies ) or by microscopy ( microscopical anomalies ).

        Concept of Disease:

        A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury.

        āĻāĻ•āϟি āϰোāĻ— āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āϝা āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āϜীāĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻŦা āĻ…ংāĻļেāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻŦা āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•ে āύেāϤিāĻŦাāϚāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦিāϤ āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻŦং āĻāϟি āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āϤাāϤ্āĻ•্āώāĻŖিāĻ• āĻŦাāĻš্āϝিāĻ• āφāϘাāϤেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āύāϝ়।

        Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific symptoms and signs.
        āϰোāĻ—āĻ—ুāϞি āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ়āĻļāχ āϚিāĻ•িāϤ্āϏা āĻļāϰ্āϤ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ āϝা āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϞāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦং āϞāĻ•্āώāĻŖāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϜāĻĄ়িāϤ।

        Diseases can affect people not only physically, but also mentally, as contracting and living with a disease can alter the affected person's perspective on life.

        āϰোāĻ—āĻ—ুāϞি āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āĻļাāϰীāϰিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦেāχ āύāϝ়, āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦেāĻ“ āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦিāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϚুāĻ•্āϤি āĻ•āϰা āĻāĻŦং āϜীāĻŦāύāϝাāĻĒāύ āφāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—ি āĻŦāĻĻāϞাāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

        Concept of Pathological Symptoms:

        Abnormal anatomical or physiological conditions and objective or subjective manifestations of disease, but not classified as disease or syndrome.

        Pathological symptoms not always lead to a disease.


        Types of Hypertrophy:

        Physiologic hypertrophy: Occurs due to a normal stressor. For example, enlargement of skeletal muscle with exercise.

        āĻĢিāϜিāĻ“āϞāϜিāĻ• āĻšাāχāĻĒাāϰāϟ্āϰāĻĢি: āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϚাāĻĒেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āϘāϟে। āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ, āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻ•āĻ™্āĻ•াāϞেāϰ āĻĒেāĻļী āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি।

        Pathologic hypertrophy: Occurs due to an abnormal stressor. For example, increase in the size of the heart due to aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis is due to a change in the aortic valve, which obstructs the orifice, resulting in the left ventricle working harder to pump blood into the aorta.

        āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜিāĻ• āĻšাāχāĻĒাāϰāϟ্āϰāĻĢি: āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰেāϏেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āϘāϟে। āϜāύ্āϝ
        āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ, āĻ…āϰ্āϟিāĻ• āϏ্āϟেāύোāϏিāϏেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻšাāϰ্āϟেāϰ āφāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি। āĻāĻ“āϰāϟিāĻ• āϏ্āϟেāύোāϏিāϏāϟি āĻāĻ“āϰāϟিāĻ• āĻ­াāϞāĻ­েāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āϘāϟে āϝা āĻ•āĻ•্āώāĻ•ে āĻŦাāϧা āĻĻেāϝ়, āĻĢāϞāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύāϟি āĻŽāĻšোāϰ্āϤাāϝ় āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻĒাāĻŽ্āĻĒ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ•āĻ োāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻļ্āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰে।

        Types of Hyperplasia:

        Physiologic hyperplasia: Occurs due to a normal stressor. For example, increase in the size of the breasts during pregnancy, increase in thickness of endometrium during menstrual cycle, and liver growth after partial resection.

        āĻĢিāϜিāĻ“āϞāϜিāĻ• āĻšাāχāĻĒাāϰāĻĒ্āϞাāϜিāϝ়া: āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϚাāĻĒেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āϘāϟে। āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ, āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­াāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϝ় āϏ্āϤāύেāϰ āφāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি, āĻ‹āϤুāϏ্āϰাāĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻāύ্āĻĄোāĻŽেāϟ্āϰিāϝ়াāĻŽেāϰ āĻŦেāϧ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻāĻŦং āφংāĻļিāĻ• āϰিāĻ•āĻļāύেāϰ āĻĒāϰে āϞিāĻ­াāϰেāϰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি।

        Pathologic hyperplasia: Occurs due to an abnormal stressor. For example, growth of adrenal glands due to production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a pituitary adenoma, and proliferation of endometrium due to prolonged estrogen stimulus.

        āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĨāϞāϜিāĻ• āĻšাāχāĻĒাāϰāĻĒ্āϞাāϜিāϝ়া: āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰেāϏেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āϘāϟে। āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ, āĻĒিāϟুāχāϟাāϰি āĻ…্āϝাāĻĄিāύোāĻŽা āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻ…্āϝাāĻĄ্āϰেāύোāĻ•োāϰ্āϟিāĻ•োāϟ্āϰāĻĒিāĻ• āĻšāϰāĻŽোāύ (āĻāϏিāϟিāĻāχāϚ) āωāϤ্āĻĒাāĻĻāύেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻ…্āϝাāĻĄ্āϰিāύাāϞ āĻ—্āϰāύ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻāĻŦং āĻĻীāϰ্āϘাāϝ়িāϤ āχāϏ্āϟ্āϰোāϜেāύ āϏ্āϟিāĻŽুāϞাāϏেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻāύ্āĻĄোāĻŽেāϟ্āϰিāϝ়াāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰ āϘāϟে।



        Dysplasia is any of various types of abnormal growth or development of cells (microscopic scale) and/or organs (macroscopic scale), and/or the abnormal histology or anatomical structure presumably resulting from such growth.

        In this case cells looses their uniformity. Resulting loss of natural architecture of the organ.

        āĻĄাāχāϏ্āĻĒ্āϞাāϏিāϝ়া āĻš'āϞ āĻ•োāώāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļ (āĻŽাāχāĻ•্āϰোāϏ্āĻ•োāĻĒিāĻ• āϏ্āĻ•েāϞ) āĻāĻŦং / āĻŦা āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ—āĻ—ুāϞি (āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ•্āϰোāϏ্āĻ•োāĻĒিāĻ• āϏ্āĻ•েāϞ), āĻāĻŦং / āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻšিāϏ্āϟোāϞāϜি āĻŦা āĻļাāϰীāϰāĻŦৃāϤ্āϤীāϝ় āĻ—āĻ āύ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāϤঃ āĻ āϜাāϤীāϝ় āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻĢāϞে āϘāϟে।

        āĻāχ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ•োāώāĻ—ুāϞি āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­িāύ্āύāϤা āĻšাāϰাāϝ়। āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ—āϟিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāϤ্āϝেāϰ āĻĢāϞāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ āĻ•্āώāϤি।



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