Cardiovascular System - Rectopen

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Cardiovascular System

 What is Anatomy              Human Cell                       Cardiovascular System 
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 Respiratory system           Endocrine system              Human Body 
 The Small Intestine           Muscular System              Abdominal Organs 



Blood flow through the heart
Blood flow through the heart



Artery āĻ“ Vein āĻŽূāϞāϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤāύাāϞি। āϝেāϏāĻŦ āϰāĻ•্āϤāύাāϞিāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ…āĻ•্āϏিāϜেāύāϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏাāϰা āĻĻেāĻšে āĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤা-āχ Artery। āϝেāϏāĻŦ āύাāϞি āĻĻি⧟ে āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄে āĻĢিāϰে āφāϏে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ Vein āĻŦāϞে। āύিāϚে āϧāĻŽāύি āĻ“ āĻļিāϰাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ āϤুāϞো āϧāϰা āĻšāϞো

āϝেāϏāĻŦ āύাāϞি āĻĻি⧟ে āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ  āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄে āĻĢিāϰে āφāϏে, āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻļিāϰা āĻŦāϞে। āĻļিāϰা āĻ•াāϰ্āĻŦāύ āĻĄাāχ-āĻ…āĻ•্āϏাāχāĻĄāϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄে āύি⧟ে āφāϏে। āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏী⧟ āĻļিāϰা  āĻŦা āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি  āĻļিāϰা āĻ…āĻ•্āϏিāϜেāύāϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ  āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄে āĻĒৌঁāĻ›ে āĻĻে⧟। āĻ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏী⧟ āĻļিāϰাāĻ•ে āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāϧāϰ্āĻŽী āĻļিāϰা āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ।

āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĻি⧟ে āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ (Blood circulation through human heart):
āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ›āύ্āĻĻে āϏংāĻ•োāϚিāϤ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ āϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•ে āϏāϚāϞ āϰাāĻ–ে । āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āϏংāĻ•োāϚāύāĻ•ে āϏিāϏ্āϟোāϞ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰāύ āĻ•ে āĻĄা⧟াāϏ্āϟোāϞ āĻŦāϞে । āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏিāϏ্āϟোāϞ āĻ“ āĻĄা⧟াāϏ্āϟোāϞ āĻ•ে āĻāĻ• āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻšৃā§ŽāϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āĻŦāϞে । āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϏāĻž্āϚাāϞāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāϟি āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻ–িāϤ āĻ•āϤāĻ—ুāϞি āĻ•াāϰ্āϝে āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤ -

ā§§৷ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻāĻĻ্āĻŦ⧟ (Atrium) āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰিāϤ āĻšāϞে āϏাāϰা āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āĻĻুāώিāϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϊāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻšাāĻļিāϰা āĻĻি⧟ে āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻে (Right Atrium) āφāϏে । āĻāĻ•ি āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻļুāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏী⧟ āĻļিāϰা āĻĻি⧟ে āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ (Left Atrium) āφāϏে ।

⧍৷ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻāĻĻ্āĻŦ⧟ (Atrium) āϰāĻ•্āϤে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāϞে āϏংāĻ•ুāϚিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āύিāϞ⧟āĻĻ্āĻŦ⧟ (Ventricle) āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ । āϤāĻ–āύ āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϤ্āϰিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•াāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰ āĻĻ⧟ে āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟ে āφāϏে āĻāĻŦং āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•াāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে ।

ā§Š৷ āύিāϞ⧟āĻĻ্āĻŦ⧟ (Ventricle) āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϰāĻ•্āϤে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāϞে āϏংāĻ•োāϚিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏী⧟ āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে । āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽāĻšা āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϏাāϰা āĻĻেāĻšে āĻ›ā§œি⧟ে āĻĒ⧜ে । āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āϰ্āϧāϚāύ্āĻĻ্āϰাāĻ•ৃāϤি āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া āĻ–ুāϞে āϝা⧟ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āϤ্āϰিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻĨাāĻ•ে ।

ā§Ē৷ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻĻ্āĻŦ⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰিāϤ āĻšāϞে āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে । āĻāχāĻ­াāĻŦে āϏংāĻ•োāϚāύ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰāύেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϏāĻž্āϚাāϞāύেāϰ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϟি āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝāĻšāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে ।

Blood Flow
Blood Flow



āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ (Structure of Human Heart):

āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄāϟি āĻŦāĻ•্āώ āĻ—āĻš্āĻŦāϰে āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏ āĻĻ্āĻŦ⧟েāϰ āĻŽাāĻāĻ–াāύে āĻ“ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻ›āĻĻাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ। āχāĻšা āϤ্āϰিāĻ•োāĻŖাāĻ•াāϰ āĻĒেāĻļী āĻŦāĻšুāϞ āϏāĻ•্āϰি⧟ āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ । āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄāϟি āϞāĻŽ্āĻŦাāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦি āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻ•āϰāϞে āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻ–িāϤ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻ—ুāϞি āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟-

ā§§৷ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•োāώ্āĻ  (Closet)
āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•োāώ্āĻ েāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āϚাāϰāϟি āϝāĻĨা- āĻ•) āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ, āĻ–) āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟, āĻ—) āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ, āϘ) āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟

āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ (Atrium)- āχāĻšা āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻšāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•োāώ্āĻ  । āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻĻুāϟি- āϝāĻĨা- āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ, āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ। āωāϭ⧟ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻ…āύ্āϤ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻŦিāĻ­েāĻĻিāϤ ।

āĻ•) āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ (Right Atrium) - āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻে āϊāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦ āĻŽāĻšাāĻļিāϰা āĻ“ āύিāĻŽ্āύ āĻŽāĻšাāĻļিāϰা āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে । āχāĻšাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻĻুāώিāϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে । āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āϏ্āĻĒেāϏ āĻŽেāĻ•াāϰ āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻ›āύ্āĻĻ āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āύি⧟āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে ।
āĻ–) āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ (Left Atrium) - āĻāχ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻে āϚাāϰāϟি āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏী⧟ āĻļিāϰা āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে । āĻāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻŦিāĻļুāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে ।

āύিāϞ⧟ (Ventricle) - āχāĻšা āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•োāώ্āĻ । āχāĻšাāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤঃ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰ āĻĒেāĻļী āĻŦāĻšুāϞ āĻ–াঁāϜ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ । āĻāχ āĻ–াঁāϜ āĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āĻ•āϞাāĻŽāύি āĻ•াāϰāύি āĻŦāϞে। āύিāϞ⧟ āĻĻুāϟি āĻĒāϰāϏ্āĻĒāϰ āφāύ্āϤ āύিāϞ⧟ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻŦিāĻ­েāĻĻিāϤ ।

āĻ—) āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟ (Right Ventricle) - āχāĻšাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏী⧟ āϧāĻŽāύী āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে । āĻāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ•াāϰ্āĻŦāύ āĻĄাāχ āĻ…āĻ•্āϏাāχāĻĄ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻĻুāώিāϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে।

āϘ) āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟ (Left Ventricle) - āχāĻšাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻŽāĻšা āϧāĻŽāύী, āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ…āĻ•্āϏিāϜেāύ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦিāĻļুāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϏāϜীāĻŦ āĻ•োāώে āĻĒৌঁāĻ›া⧟ ।


Artery _ āϧāĻŽāύি

  • āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤিāϏ্āĻĨāϞ āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄ।
  • āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻĻিāĻ• āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻিāĻ•ে।
  • āĻ…āĻ•্āϏিāϜেāύ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϟাāϟāĻ•া āϞাāϞ।
  • āύা⧜ি āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āφāĻ›ে।
  • āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāϏ্āϤāϰ āĻĒেāĻļিāĻŦāĻšুāϞ āĻ“ āĻĒুāϰু।


Vein _ āĻļিāϰা

  • āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤিāϏ্āĻĨāϞ āĻ•ৈāĻļিāĻ• āϜাāϞিāĻ•া।
  • āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻĻিāĻ• āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে।
  • āĻ•াāϰ্āĻŦāύ āĻĄাāχ-āĻ…āĻ•্āϏাāχāĻĄ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে āĻ•াāϞāϚে āϞাāϞ āĻŦা āύীāϞ āϰāĻ™েāϰ।
  • āύা⧜ি āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āύেāχ।
  • āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāϏ্āϤāϰ āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒ āĻĒেāĻļিāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ“ āĻĒাāϤāϞা।

āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া (Valve):
āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•াāϰ āύাāĻŽঃ
  1. āϟ্āϰাāχāĻ•াāϏāĻĒিāĻĄ āĻŦা āϤ্āϰিāĻĒāĻ• āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া
  2. āĻŦাāχāĻ•াāϏ āĻĒিāĻĄ āĻŦা āĻŽাāχāϟ্āϰাāϞ āĻŦা āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া
  3. āĻĒাāϞāĻŽāύাāϰি āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া
  4. āĻ…্āϝাāĻ“āϟিāĻ• āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া

āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύঃ
  1. āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟েāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻ—āϏ্āĻĨāϞে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ ।
  2. āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟েāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻ—āϏ্āĻĨāϞে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ ।
  3. āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟ āĻ“ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏী⧟ āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻ—āϏ্āĻĨāϞে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ ।
  4. āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻšা āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻ—āϏ্āĻĨāϞে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ ।

āĻ•াāϜঃ
  1. āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•ে āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟ে āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĒāĻĨে āϝেāϤে āĻŦাāϧা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা।
  2. āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•ে āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟ে āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĒāĻĨে āϝেāϤে āĻŦাāϧা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা।
  3. āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•ে āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏী⧟ āϧāĻŽāύীāϤে āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāύ āĻ•āϰা, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĒāĻĨে āϝেāϤে āĻŦাāϧা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা।
  4. āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•ে āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽāĻšা āϧāĻŽāύীāϤে āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāύ āĻ•āϰা, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĒāĻĨে āϝেāϤে āĻŦাāϧা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা।




Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular System



Functions of the Heart:
  1. Managing blood supply. Variations in the rate and force of heart contraction match blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of the tissues during rest, exercise, and changes in body position.
  2. Producing blood pressure. Contractions of the heart produce blood pressure, which is needed for blood flow through the blood vessels.
  3. Securing one-way blood flow. The valves of the heart secure a one-way blood flow through the heart and blood vessels.
  4. Transmitting blood. The heart separates the pulmonary and systemic circulations, which ensures the flow of oxygenated blood to tissues.

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart
Anatomy of the Heart

Heart Structure and Functions
  • Our heart is composed almost entirely of a muscle layer called myocardium. the heart beings beating 18 days after conception and stops only when you die.
  • An adult's heart beats an average 72x a minute, pumping about 70 milliliters (about 2.5 cups) of blood with each contraction.
Heart Structure and Functions
Heart Structure and Functions



Layers of the Heart

The heart muscle has three layers and they are as follows:
  1. Epicardium. The epicardium or the visceral and outermost layer is actually a part of the heart wall.
  2. Myocardium. The myocardium consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whirled into ringlike arrangements and it is the layer that actually contracts.
  3. Endocardium. The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart and is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium hat lines the heart chambers.
    Layers of the Heart
    Layers of the Heart



Chambers of the Heart

The heart has four hollow chambers, or cavities: two atria and two ventricles.

  1. Receiving chambers. The two superior atria are primarily the receiving chambers, they play a lighter role in the pumping activity of the heart.
  2. Discharging chambers. The two inferior, thick-walled ventricles are the discharging chambers, or actual pumps of the heart wherein when they contract, blood is propelled out of the heart and into the circulation.
  3. Septum. The septum that divides the heart longitudinally is referred to as either the interventricular septum or the interatrial septum, depending on which chamber it separates.
    Chambers of the Heart
    Chambers of the Heart


Associated Great Vessels

The great blood vessels provide a pathway for the entire cardiac circulation to proceed.
  1. Superior and inferior vena cava. The heart receives relatively oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body through the large superior and inferior vena cava and pumps it through the pulmonary trunk.
  2. Pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary trunk splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs, where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded.
  3. Pulmonary veins. Oxygen-rich blood drains from the lungs and is returned to the left side of the heart through the four pulmonary veins.
  4. Aorta. Blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the aorta from which the systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body tissues.


Heart Valves:

The heart is equipped with four valves, which allow blood to flow in only one direction through the heart chambers.

Heart Valves
Heart Valves


Cardiac Circulation Vessels:
Although the heart chambers are bathed with blood almost continuously, the blood contained in the heart does not nourish the myocardium.

  1. Coronary arteries. The coronary arteries branch from the base of the aorta and encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) at the junction of the atria and ventricles, and these arteries are compressed when the ventricles are contracting and fill when the heart is relaxed.
  2. Cardiac veins. The myocardium is drained by several cardiac veins, which empty into an enlarged vessel on the posterior of the heart called the coronary sinus.


Cardiovascular System

  • Hypertension
  • Hypertensive Heart Disease
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
  • Myocardial Infarction (MI)
  • Cardiac Hypertrophy
  • Heart Valve Diseases
What is Hypertension?
High blood pressure (HBP or hypertension/ HTN) is when the force of blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels, is consistently too high.

Persistent rise of systemic blood pressure above normal upper level.


Hypertension
Hypertension

There are two types of hypertension:
  • Primary: High blood pressure that is not related to another medical condition.
-Elevated BP with unknown cause
-90% to 95% of all cases
  • Secondary: Another medical condition that causes high blood pressure, usually occurring in the kidneys, arteries, heart, or endocrine system.
-Elevated BP with a specific cause
-5% to 10% in adults

The common complications are target organ diseases occurring in the Heart, Brain, Kidney and Eyes.
Systemic Hypertension is the persistent high blood pressure in the systemic arteries.
High systemic blood pressure is usually caused by the constriction of the small arteries or arterioles.
  • Normal systolic blood pressure: Up to 140 mm Hg
  • Normal diastolic blood pressure: Up to 90 mm Hg

Increases for Hypertension and High blood pressure:
Risk of strokes
Heart attacks (myocardial infarction)
Atherosclerosis
Kidney failure
Cerebral hemorrhage

What is the main cause of hypertension?
Common factors that can lead to high blood pressure include: A diet high in salt, fat, and/or cholesterol. Chronic conditions such as kidney and hormone problems, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Family history, especially if your parents or other close relatives have high blood pressure.

Hypertensive Heart Disease
Coronary artery disease
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Heart failure

Cerebrovascular Disease
Stroke
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Nephro-sclerosis
Retinal Damage

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside arteries; also known as Arteriosclerosis
āĻ…্āϝাāĻĨেāϰোāϏ্āĻ•্āϞেāϰোāϏিāϏ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϰোāĻ— āϝা āĻĒ্āϞাāĻ•āϟি āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰে āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰে; āφāϰ্āϟেāϰিāĻ“āϏ্āĻ•্āϞেāϰোāϏিāϏ āύাāĻŽেāĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ

Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to organs and other parts of body which provoke chronic inflammation, ultimately causing thrombosis or stenosis.

āĻĒ্āϞ্āϝাāĻ•ুāχ: āĻĢāϞāĻ• āĻĢ্āϝাāϟ, āĻ•োāϞেāϏ্āϟেāϰāϞ, āĻ•্āϝাāϞāϏিāϝ়াāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āϰāĻ•্āϤে āĻĒাāĻ“āϝ়া āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ āύিāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ। āϏāĻŽāϝ়েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĢāϞāĻ• āĻļāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āϝাāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āϧāĻŽāύীāĻ—ুāϞি āϏāĻ™্āĻ•ুāϚিāϤ āĻ•āϰে। āĻāϟি āĻ…āĻ•্āϏিāϜেāύ āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ— āĻāĻŦং āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āϏীāĻŽাāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰে āϝা āĻļেāώ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻĨ্āϰোāĻŽ্āĻŦোāϏিāϏ āĻŦা āϏ্āϟেāύোāϏিāϏ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻ•āϰে ।

Result of Smoking
  • Increased Triglyceride and cholesterol
  • High blood pressure
  • Diabetes




Coronary Heart Disease:


Also known as Coronary Artery Disease, Ischemic Heart Disease,

When the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygenated blood to the heart.

Women are less likely than men to experience chest pain. Instead, they are more likely to experience:
Dizziness
Fatigue
Nausea
Pressure or tightness in the chest
Stomach pain

An acute coronary occasion may cause the following symptoms:
Angina
Cold sweats
Dizziness
Light-headedness
Nausea or a feeling of indigestion
Neck pain
Shortness of breath, especially with activity
Sleep disturbances
Weakness

In Chronic (long-term) coronary heart disease:
Angina (Less severe)
Shortness of breath with physical activity
Fatigue
Neck pain

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack):
When the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked and the heart can’t get enough oxygen resulting death of heart muscle, which is clinically known as Heart Attack.

Variation of Troponin level differentiate between a injured and non-injured cardiac tissue.
Normal Range:between 0 and 0.4 ng/mL.

Pressure or tightness in the chest pain in the chest, back, jaw, and other areas of the upper body that lasts more than a few minutes or that goes away and Comes back.


Shortness of breath
Sweating
Nausea
Vomiting
Anxiety
Cough
Dizziness
Fast heart rate

In Women:
Shortness of breath
Jaw pain
Upper back pain
Lightheadedness
Nausea
Vomiting

Cardiac hypertrophy is the abnormal enlargement, or thickening, of the heart muscle, resulting from increases in cardiomyocyte size and changes in other heart muscle components, such as extracellular matrix.

āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄিāϝ়াāĻ• āĻšাāχāĻĒাāϰāϟ্āϰোāĻĢি āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻŦা āϘāύ āĻšāĻ“āϝ়া, āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄিāĻ“āĻŽাāϝ়োāϏাāχāϟেāϰ āφāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĒাāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻĒেāĻļীāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύ āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻšিāϰ্āĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻŽ্āϝাāϟ্āϰিāĻ•্āϏেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟে।


Valvular Heart Disease:āĻ­াāϞāĻ­ুāϞাāϰ āĻšৃāĻĻāϰোāĻ—

Valvular heart disease is characterized by damage to or a defect in one of the four heart valves: the mitral, aortic, tricuspid or pulmonary.

āĻ­াāϞāĻ­ুāϞাāϰ āĻšৃāĻĻāϰোāĻ—েāϰ āϚাāϰāϟি āĻšাāϰ্āϟেāϰ āĻ­াāϞāĻ­েāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟিāϤে āĻ•্āώāϤি āĻŦা āĻāĻ•āϟি āϤ্āϰুāϟি āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়: āĻŽিāϟ্āϰাāϞ, āĻ…āϰ্āϟিāĻ•, āϟ্āϰাāχāĻ•āϏ্āĻĒিāĻĄ āĻŦা āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি।

The mitral and aortic valves are the ones most frequently affected by valvular heart disease.





āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰঃ
  1. āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰঃ āϰāĻ•্āϤ,āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄ,āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ•া(āĻļিāϰা,āϜাāϞিāĻ•া,āϧāĻŽāύী)।
  2. āϞāϏিāĻ•া āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰঃ āϞāϏিāĻ•া,āϞāϏিāĻ•াāύাāϞী,āϞāϏিāĻ•াāĻ—্āϰāύ্āĻĨি।

āϰāĻ•্āϤঃ āĻ­্āϰুāĻŖী⧟ āĻŽেāϏোāĻĄাāϰ্āĻŽ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāύ্āύ,āϞাāϞāĻŦāϰ্āĻŖ,āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦāϚ্āĻ›,āϞāĻŦāύাāĻ•্āϤ,āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻ•্āώাāϰāϧāϰ্āĻŽী āϝে āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āϤāϰāϞ āϝোāϜāĻ• āĻ•āϞা āϰāĻ•্āϤāϰāϏ āĻ“ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•াāϰ āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦ⧟ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ।

  • āĻĻেāĻšে āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāύ ā§Ģ-ā§ŦāϞিāϟাāϰ,āĻŽোāϟ āĻ“āϜāύেāϰ ā§Ž%।
  • ph ā§­.ā§Šā§Ģ-ā§­.ā§Ēā§Ģ,āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা ā§Šā§Ŧ-ā§Šā§­ āĻĄিāĻ—্āϰি āϏেāϞāϏি⧟াāϏ,āφāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāĻ• āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĒাāύিāϰ āϚে⧟ে āĻŦেāĻļি-ā§§.ā§Ļā§Ŧā§Ģ।
  • āϰāĻ•্āϤāϰāϏেāϰ āĻ—্āϝাāϏী⧟ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ(O2,CO2,N2)
  • āϰেāϚāύ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ/āύাāχāϟ্āϰোāϜেāύāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝ: āĻ…্āϝাāĻŽিāύো āĻāϏিāĻĄ,āχāωāϰি⧟া, āχāωāϰিāĻ• āĻāϏিāĻĄ,āĻ•্āϰি⧟েāϟিāύিāύ।
  • āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ/āĻĒ্āϞাāϜāĻŽা āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ ā§Ēāϟা: āĻ…্āϝাāϞāĻŦুāĻŽিāύ,āĻ—্āϞোāĻŦিāωāϞিāύ, āĻĒ্āϰোāĻĨ্āϰোāĻŽ্āĻŦিāύ,āĻĢাāχāĻŦ্āϰিāύোāϜেāύ।
  • āϏ্āύেāĻšāĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝ: āĻ•োāϞেāϏ্āϟেāϰāϞ, āĻĢāϏāĻĢোāϞিāĻĒিāĻĄ,āϞেāϏিāĻĨিāύ।
  • āϰāĻž্āϜāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ: āĻŦিāϞিāϰুāĻŦিāύ,āĻŦিāϞিāĻ­াāϰāĻĄিāύ।

♦āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āĻ•াāϜঃāϏāĻŦāĻ—ুāϞো āĻĒ⧜āϤে āĻšāĻŦে।
♦āϰāĻ•্āϤ→āϰāĻ•্āϤāϰāϏ/āĻĒ্āϞাāϜāĻŽা(ā§Ģā§Ģ%)
       ↓
āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•া/āĻ•āϰāĻĒাāϏāϞ(ā§Ēā§Ģ%)
♦āϰāĻ•্āϤāϰāϏ/āĻĒ্āϞাāϜāĻŽা→āĻĒাāύি(⧝ā§Ļ-⧝⧍%)+āĻ•āĻ িāύ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ(ā§Ž-ā§§ā§Ļ%)
♦āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•া/āĻ•āϰāĻĒাāϏāϞ→āϞোāĻšিāϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•া,āĻļ্āĻŦেāϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•া,āĻ…āĻŖুāϚāĻ•্āϰিāĻ•া।
♦♦āϞোāĻšিāϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•াঃErythrocyte→erythro=āϞাāϞ+cyte=āĻ•োāώ।āϏংāĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ RBC.
→āĻ—োāϞাāĻ•াāϰ,āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ…āĻŦāϤāϞ,āύিāωāĻ•্āϞি⧟াāϏāĻšীāύ,āϚাāĻ•āϤিāϰ āĻŽāϤ।
→āĻ­্āϰুāĻŖ āĻĻেāĻšে:ā§Žā§Ļ-⧝ā§Ļ āϞাāĻ–।
   āĻļিāĻļু āĻĻেāĻšে:ā§Ŧā§Ļ-ā§­ā§Ļ āϞাāĻ–।
   āĻĒুāϰুāώ āĻĻেāĻšে:ā§Ģā§Ļ āϞাāĻ–।
   āύাāϰী āĻĻেāĻšে:ā§Ēā§Ģ āϞাāĻ–।
→ā§Ŧā§Ļ-ā§­ā§Ļ% āĻĒাāύি,ā§Šā§Ļ% āĻ•āĻ িāύāĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ(⧝ā§Ļ% āĻšিāĻŽোāĻ—্āϞোāĻŦিāύ+ā§§ā§Ļ% āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ)।
→āϞোāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•াāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা ā§Ģā§Ļ āϞাāĻ–েāϰ āϚে⧟ে ⧍ā§Ģ%āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāϞে āϰāĻ•্āϤāϏ্āĻŦāĻĒ্āϞāϤা(anaenia)āĻšā§Ÿ।
→ā§Ŧā§Ģ āϞাāĻ–েāϰ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻšāϞে āĻĒāϞিāϏাāχāĻĨেāĻŽি⧟া āĻŦāϞে।
→āĻšিāĻŽোāĻ—্āϞোāĻŦিāύ =āĻšিāĻŽাāϟিāύ(āĻ…āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ)+āĻ—্āϞোāĻŦিāύ(āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ)।āĻšিāĻŽ āϞৌāĻš āϰāĻž্āϜāĻ•,āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϞাāϞ āĻ•āϰে।
→āĻ…āϏ্āĻĨিāĻŽāϜ্āϜা⧟
 āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ stem cell āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤি,āϜীāĻŦāύāĻ•াāϞ ⧧⧍ā§ĻāĻĻিāύ/ā§ĒāĻŽাāϏ,⧧⧍ā§ĻāĻĻিāύ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒ্āϞীāĻšা⧟ āύāώ্āϟ āĻšā§Ÿ।
→āϞোāĻšিāϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•াঃāĻļ্āĻŦেāϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•া=ā§­ā§Ļā§Ļঃā§§।
āĻŦ্āϝাāϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ:āωāϟ,āϰুāχāĻŽাāĻ›,āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ™ āĻāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āϞোāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•া āύিāωāĻ•্āϞি⧟াāϏāϝুāĻ•্āϤ।
→āϞোāĻšিāϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•াāϜ।
♦♦āĻļ্āĻŦেāϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•াঃLeucocyte→leucos=āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāĻšীāύ+cyte=āĻ•োāώ।āϏংāĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ WBC.
→āĻšিāĻŽোāĻ—্āϞোāĻŦিāύāĻŦিāĻšীāύ,āĻ…āύি⧟āϤাāĻ•াāϰ, āύিāωāĻ•্āϞি⧟াāϏāϝুāĻ•্āϤ,āĻŦ⧜ āĻĢ্āϝাāĻ—োāϏাāχāϟিāĻ• āĻ•োāώ।
→āĻ—োāϞাāĻ•াāϰ, āĻĄিāĻŽ্āĻŦাāĻ•াāϰ, āĻŦৃāĻ•্āĻ•াāĻ•াāϰ,āĻ…āĻļ্āĻŦāĻ•্āώুāϰাāĻ•াāϰ।
→āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ ā§Ģ-ā§ŽāĻšাāϜাāϰ।āĻļিāĻļু āĻ“ āĻ…āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āĻĻেāĻšে āĻŦে⧜ে āϝা⧟।
→āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰāĻ­েāĻĻ:āĻ›āĻ•(pic)
→āĻ…āĻĻাāύাāĻĻাāϰ=āϞিāĻŽা(āϞিāĻŽ্āĻĢোāϏাāχāϟ,āĻŽāύোāϏাāχāϟ)
→āĻĻাāύাāĻĻাāϰ=āύিāχāĻ“āĻŦে(āύিāωāϟ্āϰোāĻĢিāϞ,āχāĻ“āϏিāύোāĻĢিāϞ,āĻŦেāϏোāĻĢিāϞ)
→āĻĻাāύাāĻĻাāϰ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻĻাāύাāĻĻাāϰ āĻĒাāĻĨāϰ্āĻ•্āϝ।
→āχāĻ“āϏিāύোāĻĢিāϞ āϰāĻ•্āϤে āĻ•ৃāĻŽিāϰ āϞাāϰ্āĻ­া,āĻ…্āϝাāϞাāϰ্āϜিāĻ• āĻ…্āϝাāύ্āϟিāĻŦāĻĄি āϧ্āĻŦংāϏ āĻ•āϰে।
→āϞিāĻŽ্āĻĢোāϏাāχāϟ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāĻš āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āĻĢাāχāĻŦ্āϰোāĻŦ্āϞাāϏ্āϟে āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ•্āώāϤ āύিāϰাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•āϰে।
→āĻĻাāύাāĻĻাāϰ āϞিāωāĻ•োāϏাāχāϟ→āĻšিāϏ্āϟাāĻŽিāύ āϏৃāώ্āϟি→āϰোāĻ— āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি।
→āϞিāĻŽ্āĻĢোāϏাāχāϟ→āφāĻŖুāĻŦীāĻ•্āώāĻŖিāĻ• āϏৈāύিāĻ•।
♦♦āĻ…āύুāϚāĻ•্āϰিāĻ•াঃThrombocyte/Platelets
→āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāĻšীāύ,āύিāωāĻ•্āϞি⧟াāϏāĻšীāύ,āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āφāĻ•াāϰāĻšীāύ, āĻ•্āώুāĻĻ্āϰāϤāĻŽ āĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•া।
→āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ:⧍.ā§Ģ-ā§Ģ āϞাāĻ–।
→āĻ…āϏ্āĻĨিāĻŽāϜ্āϜাāϰ āĻŽেāĻ—াāĻ•্āϝাāϰিāĻ“āϏাāχāϟ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤি।
→āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ+āĻĒ্āϰāϚুāϰ āϏেāĻĢাāϞিāύ(āĻĢāϏāĻĢোāϞিāĻĒিāĻĄ) āĻĨাāĻ•ে।
→āĻĒ্āϞীāĻšা,āϰেāϟিāĻ•ুāϞো āĻāύ্āĻĄ্āϰোāĻĨেāϞি⧟া āĻ•োāώ āĻ āύāώ্āϟ āĻšā§Ÿ।
→āϜীāĻŦāύāĻ•াāϞ:ā§Ģ-ā§§ā§ĻāĻĻিāύ।
→āĻ…āύুāϚāĻ•্āϰিāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•াāϜ।
♦♦āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϤāĻž্āϚāύ/āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϜāĻŽাāϟ āĻŦাāϧা(Blood Clotting):
♦Clotting factors:13āϟা।āύাāĻŽ āĻ—ুāϞো āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϞেāχ āĻšāĻŦে।āϤāĻŦে āĻ…āϤ্āϝাāĻŦāĻļ্āϝāĻ•ী⧟ ā§Ēāϟা।
āĻĢāϏāĻšāϜ āĻ­াāĻŦে āϤোāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻিāϚ্āĻ›ি →
ā§§.āĻ•্āώāϤāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āĻ•োāώ+āĻĨ্āϰāĻŽ্āĻŦোāϏাāχāϟ+āĻŦাāϤাāϏ(āĻšেāĻĒাāϰিāύ āĻ…āĻ•েāϜো)→āĻĨ্āϰāĻŽ্āĻŦোāĻĒ্āϞাāϏ্āϟিāύ(one type of anzyme)
⧍.āĻĨ্āϰāĻŽ্āĻŦোāĻĒ্āϞাāϏ্āϟিāύ+(Ca++)+āĻĒ্āϰোāĻĨ্āϰোāĻŽ্āĻŦিāύ+āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু→āĻĨ্āϰāĻŽ্āĻŦিāύ(one type of anzyme)
ā§Š.āĻĨ্āϰāĻŽ্āĻŦিāύ+āĻĢাāχāĻŦ্āϰিāύোāϜেāύ →āĻĢাāχāĻŦ্āϰিāύ āϜাāϞāĻ•।
ā§Ē.āĻĢাāχāĻŦ্āϰিāύ āϜাāϞāĻ•ে āϞোāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•াāϏāĻŽূāĻš āφāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ→āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϜāĻŽাāϟ āĻŦাāϧা।
→Bleeding time:1-4minute.
→Clotting time:4-5minute.
→āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϤāĻž্āϚāύ āϰোāϧāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ:āϏোāĻĄি⧟াāĻŽ āϏাāχāϟ্āϰেāϟ,āĻŦ্āϞাāĻĄ āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ• āĻ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ।
→āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āĻŖিāĻ•া āϏৃāώ্āϟিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāĻ•ে 'āĻšেāĻŽাāϟোāĻĒো⧟েāϏিāϏ' āĻŦāϞে।


āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি,āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻļāϰীāϰ āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟা  āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻ…ংāĻļ Heart-āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄ
āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ•াঃ
  • āĻļিāϰা:  CO2 āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ— āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄ āĻ āĻŦ⧟ে āύি⧟ে āφāϏে।āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āĻļিāϰা।
  • āĻ•ৈāĻļিāĻ• āϜাāϞিāĻ•া: āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻ“ āĻ•āϞাāϰāϏেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟া⧟⧟ āĻ–াāĻĻ্āϝāϏাāϰ,O2,CO2,āϰেāϚāύ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝ āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āφāĻĻাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰে।
  • āϧāĻŽāύি: O2 āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏাāϰা āĻĻেāĻšে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰে।āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āϧāĻŽāύি।

āϰāĻ•্āϤāϚাāĻĒঃ
  • āϏিāϏ্āϟোāϞিāĻ• āϚাāĻĒ-120 mmHg.
  • āĻĄা⧟াāϏ্āϟোāϞিāĻ• āϚাāĻĒ-80 mmHg.
  • āύা⧜ী āϚাāĻĒ-40 mmHg.
āϰāĻ•্āϤāϚাāĻĒ āύি⧟āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖঃ 
  • āωāϚ্āϚāϚাāĻĒ āĻŦ্āϝাāϰোāϰিāϏিāĻĒ্āϟāϰ।
  • āύিāĻŽ্āύāϚাāĻĒ āĻŦ্āϝাāϰোāϰিāϏিāĻĒ্āϟāϰ।
āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄঃ āϞাāϞāϚে-āĻ–ā§Ÿেāϰী āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖেāϰ āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄāϟি āϤ্āϰিāĻ•োāĻŖাāĻ•াāϰ āĻŽোāϚাāϰ āĻŽāϤ।
āφāĻ•াāϰ-āφāĻ•ৃāϤি:
  • āϤ্āϰিāĻ•োāĻŖাāĻ•াāϰ,āĻŽোāϚাāϰ āĻŽāϤ।
  • āϊāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦাংāĻļ āϚāĻ“ā§œা, āĻŦেāϏ(base) āĻŦāϞে।
  • āύিāĻŽ্āĻŽাংāĻļ āϏāϰু, āĻāĻĒেāĻ•্āϏ(apex) āĻŦāϞে।
  • āĻĻৈāϰ্āϘ্āϝ 12 cm, āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āĻĨ 9 cm.
āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ:āĻŦāĻ•্āώ āĻ—āĻšāĻŦ্āĻŦāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝ āĻŽিāĻĄি⧟াāϏ্āϟিāύাāĻŽ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟু āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĄা⧟াāĻĢ্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে ⧍ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāϏ্āĻĨāϞে āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻšেāϞাāύো āĻ­াāĻŦে ā§ĢāĻŽ āĻĒাঁāϜāϰেāϰ āĻĢাঁāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ।

āφāĻŦāϰāĻŖ:
  • āĻĒ্āϝাāϰাāχāϟাāϞ(āĻŦাāĻšিāϰেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰ)।
  • āĻ­িāϏেāϰাāϞ(āĻ­িāϤāϰেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰ)।
āϤāύ্āϤুāĻŽā§Ÿ āφāĻŦāϰāĻŖীāĻ•ে 'āĻĢাāχāĻŦ্āϰাāϏ āĻĒেāϰিāĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄি⧟াāĻŽ' āĻŦāϞে।
⧍ āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻেāϰ āϤāϰāϞ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•ে 'āĻĒেāϰিāĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄি⧟াāϞ āĻĢ্āϞুāχāĻĄ' āĻŦāϞে।
āĻĒেāϰিāĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄি⧟াāϞ āĻĢ্āϞুāχāĻĄ āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄāĻ•ে āϤাāĻĒ,āϚাāĻĒ,āϘāϰ্āώāĻŖāϜāύিāϤ āφāϘাāϤ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϰāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰে।

āĻĒেāĻļিāϏ্āϤāϰ/āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰ:
  • āĻāĻĒিāĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄি⧟াāĻŽ(Epicardium):āĻŦাāĻšিāϰেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰ,āĻŦিāĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āϚāϰ্āĻŦি āϜāĻŽে āĻĨাāĻ•ে।
  • āĻŽা⧟োāĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄি⧟াāĻŽ(Myocardium):āĻĒেāĻļি āĻĻৃā§ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ,āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄāϰ āϏংāĻ•āϚāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰāĻŖে āϏāĻ•্āϰি⧟ āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া āϰাāĻ–ে।
  • āĻāύ্āĻĄোāĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄি⧟াāĻŽ(Endocardium):āϏāĻŦāϚে⧟ে āĻ­েāϤāϰেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰ,āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•োāώ্āĻ  āĻ āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰে,āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•াāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻĸেāĻ•ে āϰাāĻ–ে
āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•োāώ্āĻ  :
  1. āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ (Right Atrium)
  2. āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ(Left Atrium)
  3. āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟ (Right Ventricle)
  4. āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟ (Left Ventricle)
  • āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āϤুāϞāύা⧟ āύিāϞ⧟েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰ  āĻĒুāϰু āĻ“ āĻĒেāĻļিāĻŦāĻšুāϞ।
  • āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ CO2 āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āφāϏে।
  • āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻে O2 āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āφāϏে।
  • āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•ে āĻļুāϧু āύিāϞ⧟ে āϏāĻž্āϚাāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϰে।
  • āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰ āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰেāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ ā§ŠāĻ—ুāĻŖ āĻĒুāϰু āĻĨাāĻ•ে।
  • āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟ āĻ•েāĻŦāϞāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏে āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϏāĻž্āϚাāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϰে।
  • āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟ āϏাāϰা āĻĻেāĻšে āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϏāĻž্āϚাāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϰে।

āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া:
         ā§§.āϟ্āϰাāχāĻ•াāϏāĻĒিāĻĄ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া→ āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟েāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻ—āϏ্āĻĨāϞে।
         ā§¨.āĻŦাāχāĻ•াāϏāĻĒিāĻĄ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া/āĻŽাāχāϟ্āϰাāϞ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া→āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟েāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻ—āϏ্āĻĨāϞে।
         ā§Š.āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া→ āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟ āĻ“ āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻ—āϏ্āĻĨāϞে।
         ā§Ē.āĻ…্āϝাāĻ“āϰ্āϟিāĻ• āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া→ āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧟ āĻ“ āĻ…্āϝাāĻ“āϰ্āϟাāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻ—āϏ্āĻĨāϞে।
         ā§Ģ.āĻĨিāĻŦেāϏি⧟াāύ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া→ āĻ•āϰোāύাāϰী āϏাāχāύাāϏ āĻ“ āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻ—āϏ্āĻĨāϞে।
         ā§Ŧ.āχāωāϏ্āϟেāϏি⧟াāύ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া→āχāύāĻĢিāϰি⧟āϰ āĻ­েāύাāĻ•েāĻ­া āĻ“ āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻ—āϏ্āĻĨāϞে।

āϏেāĻŽিāϞুāύাāϰ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া / āĻ…āϰ্āϧāϚāύ্āĻĻ্āϰাāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া→āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āĻ“ āĻ…্āϝাāĻ“āϰ্āϟিāĻ• āϧāĻŽāύিāϰ āĻļুāϰুāϤে।
āϏংāϝোāĻ—āĻ•াāϰী āĻ•āϞা:
       ā§§.āϏাāχāύো āĻ…্āϝাāϟ্āϰি⧟াāϞ āύোāĻĄ(SAN)→primary pace maker.
       ā§¨.āĻ…্āϝাāϟ্āϰিāĻ“-āĻ­েāύ্āϟ্āϰিāĻ•ুāϞাāϰ āύোāĻĄ(AVN)
       ā§Š.āĻŦাāύ্āĻĄāϞ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻšিāϜ(Bundle of His)
       ā§Ē.āĻĒাāϰāĻ•িāύāϜি āϤāύ্āϤু।

āĻŦাāχāĻ•াāϏāĻĒিāĻĄ āĻ“ āϟ্āϰাāχāĻ•াāϏāĻĒিāĻĄ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া āĻ•ে āύিāϞ⧟েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĒিāϞাāϰী āĻĒেāĻļীāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϰাāĻ–ে āĻ•āϰ্āĻĄি āϟেāύ্āĻĄিāύি।
Heart Sound:
ā§§.āϞাāĻŦ(Lub)→āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ-āύিāϞ⧟ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া āĻŦāύ্āϧেāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ।
⧍.āĻĄাāĻŦ(Dub)→āϏেāĻŽিāϞুāύাāϰ āĻ•āĻĒাāϟিāĻ•া āĻŦāύ্āϧেāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ।

āĻšৃā§ŽāϚāĻ•্āϰ:
     ā§§.āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻĄা⧟াāϏ্āϟোāϞ=0.7 sec.
     ā§¨.āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏিāϏ্āϟোāϞ=0.1 sec. 
     ā§Š.āύিāϞ⧟েāϰ āϏিāϏ্āϟোāϞ=0.3 sec.
     ā§Ē.āύিāϞ⧟েāϰ āĻĄা⧟াāϏ্āϟোāϞ=0.5 sec.

  • āϏংāĻ•োāϚāύ āĻ•ে āϏিāϏ্āϟোāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰāĻŖ āĻ•ে āĻĄা⧟াāϏ্āϟোāϞ āĻŦāϞে।
  • āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ 0.1sec + 0.7sec= 0.8 sec. āĻāĻŦং āύিāϞ⧟েāϰ 0.3 sec + 0.5 sec= 0.8 sec.āĻāĻ•ে āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄি⧟াāĻ• āϚāĻ•্āϰ āĻŦāϞে
  • āĻšৃā§ŽāϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āĻŽিāύিāϟে ā§­ā§ĢāĻŦাāϰ āĻ—ā§œে।
  • SA nod āĻŽিāύিāϟে ⧭⧍āĻŦাāϰ।
  • AV nod āĻŽিāύিāϟে ā§Ģā§ĻāĻŦাāϰ।
  • bundle of His āĻŽিāύিāϟে ā§Šā§ŦāĻŦাāϰ।
  • āĻĒাāϰāĻ•িāύāϜি āϤāύ্āϤ ā§Šā§Ļ-ā§Šā§ĢāĻŦাāϰ।

āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিঃ
1)āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽিāĻ• āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ : āĻŦাāĻŽāύিāϞ⧟→āĻŽāĻšাāϧāĻŽāύী→āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ—→āĻŽāĻšাāĻļিāϰা→āĻĄাāύ āĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ→āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧟
2)āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ :
āĻĄাāύāύিāϞ⧟→āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰী āϧāĻŽāύী→āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏ→āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰী āĻļিāϰা→āĻŦাāĻŽāĻ…āϞিāύ্āĻĻ→āĻŦাāĻŽāύিāϞ⧟
3)āĻ•āϰোāύাāϰী āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ :
āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ।
4)āĻĒোāϰ্āϟাāϞ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ।

āĻšৃā§ŽāϰোāĻ—ঃ
ā§§.āĻ…্āϝাāύāϜাāχāύা(āĻšৃā§ŽāĻļূāϞ)।
⧍.āĻšাāϰ্āϟ āĻ…্āϝাāϟাāĻ•(āĻŽা⧟োāĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄি⧟াāϞ āχāύāĻĢাāϰ্āĻ•āĻļāύ)।
ā§Š.āĻšাāϰ্āϟ āĻĢেāχāϞিāωāϰ।



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