Artery āĻ Vein āĻŽূāϞāϤ āϰāĻ্āϤāύাāϞি। āϝেāϏāĻŦ āϰāĻ্āϤāύাāϞিāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ āĻ্āϏিāĻেāύāϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻĨেāĻে āϏাāϰা āĻĻেāĻšে āĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻšā§, āϤা-āĻ Artery। āϝেāϏāĻŦ āύাāϞি āĻĻিā§ে āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻ ংāĻļ āĻĨেāĻে āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄে āĻĢিāϰে āĻāϏে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ Vein āĻŦāϞে। āύিāĻে āϧāĻŽāύি āĻ āĻļিāϰাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ্āϝ āϤুāϞো āϧāϰা āĻšāϞো
āϝেāϏāĻŦ āύাāϞি āĻĻিā§ে āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻ
ংāĻļ āĻĨেāĻে āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄে āĻĢিāϰে āĻāϏে, āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻļিāϰা āĻŦāϞে। āĻļিāϰা āĻাāϰ্āĻŦāύ āĻĄাāĻ-āĻ
āĻ্āϏাāĻāĻĄāϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰে āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄে āύিā§ে āĻāϏে। āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏীā§ āĻļিāϰা āĻŦা āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āĻļিāϰা āĻ
āĻ্āϏিāĻেāύāϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏ āĻĨেāĻে āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄে āĻĒৌঁāĻে āĻĻেā§। āĻ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏীā§ āĻļিāϰাāĻে āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ্āϰāĻŽāϧāϰ্āĻŽী āĻļিāϰা āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§।
āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĻিā§ে āϰāĻ্āϤ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ (Blood circulation through human heart):
āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻāĻāĻি āĻāύ্āĻĻে āϏংāĻোāĻিāϤ āĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰিāϤ āĻšā§ে āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ āϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϰāĻ্āϤāĻে āϏāĻāϞ āϰাāĻে । āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āϏংāĻোāĻāύāĻে āϏিāϏ্āĻোāϞ āĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰāύ āĻে āĻĄাā§াāϏ্āĻোāϞ āĻŦāϞে । āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āϏিāϏ্āĻোāϞ āĻ āĻĄাā§াāϏ্āĻোāϞ āĻে āĻāĻ āϏāĻ্āĻে āĻāĻāĻি āĻšৃā§āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āĻŦāϞে । āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āϰāĻ্āϤ āϏāĻ্āĻাāϞāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āϰিā§াāĻি āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻিāϤ āĻāϤāĻুāϞি āĻাāϰ্āϝে āĻŦিāĻāĻ্āϤ -
ā§§৷ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻāĻĻ্āĻŦā§ (Atrium) āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰিāϤ āĻšāϞে āϏাāϰা āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āĻĻুāώিāϤ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦ āĻ āĻŽāĻšাāĻļিāϰা āĻĻিā§ে āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻে (Right Atrium) āĻāϏে । āĻāĻি āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦিāĻļুāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏীā§ āĻļিāϰা āĻĻিā§ে āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ (Left Atrium) āĻāϏে ।
⧍৷ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻāĻĻ্āĻŦā§ (Atrium) āϰāĻ্āϤে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāϞে āϏংāĻুāĻিāϤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦং āύিāϞā§āĻĻ্āĻŦā§ (Ventricle) āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰিāϤ āĻšā§ । āϤāĻāύ āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āϰāĻ্āϤ āϤ্āϰিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻাāϰ āĻিāϤāϰ āĻĻā§ে āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞā§ে āĻāϏে āĻāĻŦং āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻাāϰ āĻিāϤāϰ āĻĻিā§ে āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞā§ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻāϰে ।
ā§Š৷ āύিāϞā§āĻĻ্āĻŦā§ (Ventricle) āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϰāĻ্āϤে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāϞে āϏংāĻোāĻিāϤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦং āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧠āĻĨেāĻে āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏীā§ āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻāϰে । āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧠āĻĨেāĻে āĻŽāĻšা āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϏাāϰা āĻĻেāĻšে āĻā§িā§ে āĻĒā§ে । āĻāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻ
āϰ্āϧāĻāύ্āĻĻ্āϰাāĻৃāϤি āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা āĻুāϞে āϝাā§ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻ āϤ্āϰিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻĨাāĻে ।
ā§Ē৷ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻĻ্āĻŦā§ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰিāϤ āĻšāϞে āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻāϰে । āĻāĻāĻাāĻŦে āϏংāĻোāĻāύ āĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰāύেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϰāĻ্āϤ āϏāĻ্āĻাāϞāύেāϰ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāĻি āĻ
āĻŦ্āϝāĻšāϤ āĻĨাāĻে ।
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Blood Flow |
āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻāĻ āύ (Structure of Human Heart):
āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻি āĻŦāĻ্āώ āĻāĻš্āĻŦāϰে āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏ āĻĻ্āĻŦā§েāϰ āĻŽাāĻāĻাāύে āĻ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻāĻĻাāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰে āĻ
āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ। āĻāĻšা āϤ্āϰিāĻোāĻŖাāĻাāϰ āĻĒেāĻļী āĻŦāĻšুāϞ āϏāĻ্āϰিā§ āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ । āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻি āϞāĻŽ্āĻŦাāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦি āĻেāĻĻ āĻāϰāϞে āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻিāϤ āĻ
ংāĻļ āĻুāϞি āĻĻেāĻা āϝাā§-
ā§§৷ āĻĒ্āϰāĻোāώ্āĻ (Closet)
āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄে āĻĒ্āϰāĻোāώ্āĻ েāϰ āϏংāĻ্āϝা āĻাāϰāĻি āϝāĻĨা- āĻ) āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ, āĻ) āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞā§, āĻ) āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ, āĻ) āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞā§
āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ (Atrium)- āĻāĻšা āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āϏংāĻ্āϰাāĻšāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻোāώ্āĻ । āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏংāĻ্āϝা āĻĻুāĻি- āϝāĻĨা- āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ, āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ। āĻāĻā§ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻ
āύ্āϤ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻŦিāĻেāĻĻিāϤ ।
āĻ) āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ (Right Atrium) - āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻে āĻāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦ āĻŽāĻšাāĻļিāϰা āĻ āύিāĻŽ্āύ āĻŽāĻšাāĻļিāϰা āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻĨাāĻে । āĻāĻšাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻĻুāώিāϤ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻāϰে । āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰে āĻ
āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āϏ্āĻĒেāϏ āĻŽেāĻাāϰ āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻāύ্āĻĻ āĻāϤিāĻে āύিā§āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰে ।
āĻ) āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ (Left Atrium) - āĻāĻ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻে āĻাāϰāĻি āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏীā§ āĻļিāϰা āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻĨাāĻে । āĻāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻŦিāĻļুāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻāϰে ।
āύিāϞ⧠(Ventricle) - āĻāĻšা āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻোāώ্āĻ । āĻāĻšাāϰ āĻ
āύ্āϤঃ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰ āĻĒেāĻļী āĻŦāĻšুāϞ āĻাঁāĻ āϝুāĻ্āϤ । āĻāĻ āĻাঁāĻ āĻুāϞিāĻে āĻāϞাāĻŽāύি āĻাāϰāύি āĻŦāϞে। āύিāϞ⧠āĻĻুāĻি āĻĒāϰāϏ্āĻĒāϰ āĻāύ্āϤ āύিāϞ⧠āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻŦিāĻেāĻĻিāϤ ।
āĻ) āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧠(Right Ventricle) - āĻāĻšাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏীā§ āϧāĻŽāύী āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻĨাāĻে । āĻāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻাāϰ্āĻŦāύ āĻĄাāĻ āĻ
āĻ্āϏাāĻāĻĄ āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻĻুāώিāϤ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻāϰে।
āĻ) āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧠(Left Ventricle) - āĻāĻšাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻĨাāĻে āĻŽāĻšা āϧāĻŽāύী, āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ
āĻ্āϏিāĻেāύ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦিāĻļুāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ্āϤ āϏāĻীāĻŦ āĻোāώে āĻĒৌঁāĻাā§ ।
Artery _ āϧāĻŽāύি
- āĻā§āĻĒāϤ্āϤিāϏ্āĻĨāϞ āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄ।
- āϰāĻ্āϤেāϰ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻĻিāĻ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻĨেāĻে āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĻিāĻে।
- āĻ āĻ্āϏিāĻেāύ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĨাāĻে āĻŦāϞে āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻাāĻāĻা āϞাāϞ।
- āύাā§ি āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āĻāĻে।
- āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāϏ্āϤāϰ āĻĒেāĻļিāĻŦāĻšুāϞ āĻ āĻĒুāϰু।
Vein _ āĻļিāϰা
- āĻā§āĻĒāϤ্āϤিāϏ্āĻĨāϞ āĻৈāĻļিāĻ āĻাāϞিāĻা।
- āϰāĻ্āϤেāϰ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻĻিāĻ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĻিāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে।
- āĻাāϰ্āĻŦāύ āĻĄাāĻ-āĻ āĻ্āϏাāĻāĻĄ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĨাāĻে āĻŦāϞে āĻাāϞāĻে āϞাāϞ āĻŦা āύীāϞ āϰāĻেāϰ।
- āύাā§ি āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āύেāĻ।
- āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāϏ্āϤāϰ āĻ āϞ্āĻĒ āĻĒেāĻļিāϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻ āĻĒাāϤāϞা।
āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা (Valve):
āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻাāϰ āύাāĻŽঃ
- āĻ্āϰাāĻāĻাāϏāĻĒিāĻĄ āĻŦা āϤ্āϰিāĻĒāĻ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা
- āĻŦাāĻāĻাāϏ āĻĒিāĻĄ āĻŦা āĻŽাāĻāĻ্āϰাāϞ āĻŦা āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা
- āĻĒাāϞāĻŽāύাāϰি āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা
- āĻ ্āϝাāĻāĻিāĻ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা
āĻ
āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύঃ
- āĻĄাāύ āĻ āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻ āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞā§েāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻāϏ্āĻĨāϞে āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ ।
- āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻ āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞā§েāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻāϏ্āĻĨāϞে āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ ।
- āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧠āĻ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏীā§ āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻāϏ্āĻĨāϞে āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ ।
- āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧠āĻ āĻŽāĻšা āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻāϏ্āĻĨāϞে āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ ।
āĻাāĻঃ
- āĻĄাāύ āĻ āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻĨেāĻে āϰāĻ্āϤāĻে āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞā§ে āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāύ āĻāϰা āĻিāύ্āϤু āϰāĻ্āϤāĻে āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĒāĻĨে āϝেāϤে āĻŦাāϧা āĻĻেāĻā§া।
- āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻĨেāĻে āϰāĻ্āϤāĻে āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞā§ে āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāύ āĻāϰা āĻিāύ্āϤু āϰāĻ্āϤāĻে āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĒāĻĨে āϝেāϤে āĻŦাāϧা āĻĻেāĻā§া।
- āϰāĻ্āϤāĻে āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧠āĻĨেāĻে āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏীā§ āϧāĻŽāύীāϤে āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāύ āĻāϰা, āĻিāύ্āϤু āϰāĻ্āϤāĻে āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĒāĻĨে āϝেāϤে āĻŦাāϧা āĻĻেāĻā§া।
- āϰāĻ্āϤāĻে āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧠āĻĨেāĻে āĻŽāĻšা āϧāĻŽāύীāϤে āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāύ āĻāϰা, āĻিāύ্āϤু āϰāĻ্āϤāĻে āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĒāĻĨে āϝেāϤে āĻŦাāϧা āĻĻেāĻā§া।
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Cardiovascular System |
Functions of the Heart:
- Managing blood supply. Variations in the rate and force of heart contraction match blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of the tissues during rest, exercise, and changes in body position.
- Producing blood pressure. Contractions of the heart produce blood pressure, which is needed for blood flow through the blood vessels.
- Securing one-way blood flow. The valves of the heart secure a one-way blood flow through the heart and blood vessels.
- Transmitting blood. The heart separates the pulmonary and systemic circulations, which ensures the flow of oxygenated blood to tissues.
Anatomy of the Heart
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Anatomy of the Heart |
Heart Structure and Functions
- Our heart is composed almost entirely of a muscle layer called myocardium. the heart beings beating 18 days after conception and stops only when you die.
- An adult's heart beats an average 72x a minute, pumping about 70 milliliters (about 2.5 cups) of blood with each contraction.
Layers of the Heart
The heart muscle has three layers and they are as follows:
- Epicardium. The epicardium or the visceral and outermost layer is actually a part of the heart wall.
- Myocardium. The myocardium consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whirled into ringlike arrangements and it is the layer that actually contracts.
- Endocardium. The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart and is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium hat lines the heart chambers.
Layers of the Heart
Chambers of the Heart
The heart has four hollow chambers, or cavities: two atria and two ventricles.
- Receiving chambers. The two superior atria are primarily the receiving chambers, they play a lighter role in the pumping activity of the heart.
- Discharging chambers. The two inferior, thick-walled ventricles are the discharging chambers, or actual pumps of the heart wherein when they contract, blood is propelled out of the heart and into the circulation.
- Septum. The septum that divides the heart longitudinally is referred to as either the interventricular septum or the interatrial septum, depending on which chamber it separates.
Chambers of the Heart
Associated Great Vessels
The great blood vessels provide a pathway for the entire cardiac circulation to proceed.
- Superior and inferior vena cava. The heart receives relatively oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body through the large superior and inferior vena cava and pumps it through the pulmonary trunk.
- Pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary trunk splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs, where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded.
- Pulmonary veins. Oxygen-rich blood drains from the lungs and is returned to the left side of the heart through the four pulmonary veins.
- Aorta. Blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the aorta from which the systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body tissues.
Heart Valves:
The heart is equipped with four valves, which allow blood to flow in only one direction through the heart chambers.
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Heart Valves |
Cardiac Circulation Vessels:
Although the heart chambers are bathed with blood almost continuously, the blood contained in the heart does not nourish the myocardium.
- Coronary arteries. The coronary arteries branch from the base of the aorta and encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) at the junction of the atria and ventricles, and these arteries are compressed when the ventricles are contracting and fill when the heart is relaxed.
- Cardiac veins. The myocardium is drained by several cardiac veins, which empty into an enlarged vessel on the posterior of the heart called the coronary sinus.
Cardiovascular System
- Hypertension
- Hypertensive Heart Disease
- Atherosclerosis
- Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
- Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Cardiac Hypertrophy
- Heart Valve Diseases
What is Hypertension?
High blood pressure (HBP or hypertension/ HTN) is when the force of blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels, is consistently too high.
Persistent rise of systemic blood pressure above normal upper level.
High blood pressure (HBP or hypertension/ HTN) is when the force of blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels, is consistently too high.
Persistent rise of systemic blood pressure above normal upper level.
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Hypertension |
There are two types of hypertension:
- Primary: High blood pressure that is not related to another medical condition.
-90% to 95% of all cases
- Secondary: Another medical condition that causes high blood pressure, usually occurring in the kidneys, arteries, heart, or endocrine system.
-5% to 10% in adults
The common complications are target organ diseases occurring in the Heart, Brain, Kidney and Eyes.
Systemic Hypertension is the persistent high blood pressure in the systemic arteries.
High systemic blood pressure is usually caused by the constriction of the small arteries or arterioles.
Systemic Hypertension is the persistent high blood pressure in the systemic arteries.
High systemic blood pressure is usually caused by the constriction of the small arteries or arterioles.
- Normal systolic blood pressure: Up to 140 mm Hg
- Normal diastolic blood pressure: Up to 90 mm Hg
Increases for Hypertension and High blood pressure:
Risk of strokes
Heart attacks (myocardial infarction)
Atherosclerosis
Kidney failure
Cerebral hemorrhage
Hypertensive Heart Disease
Coronary artery disease
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Heart failure
Cerebrovascular Disease
Stroke
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Nephro-sclerosis
Retinal Damage
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside arteries; also known as Arteriosclerosis
āĻ ্āϝাāĻĨেāϰোāϏ্āĻ্āϞেāϰোāϏিāϏ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻি āϰোāĻ āϝা āĻĒ্āϞাāĻāĻি āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āϤৈāϰি āĻāϰে; āĻāϰ্āĻেāϰিāĻāϏ্āĻ্āϞেāϰোāϏিāϏ āύাāĻŽেāĻ āĻĒāϰিāĻিāϤ
Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to organs and other parts of body which provoke chronic inflammation, ultimately causing thrombosis or stenosis.
āĻĒ্āϞ্āϝাāĻুāĻ: āĻĢāϞāĻ āĻĢ্āϝাāĻ, āĻোāϞেāϏ্āĻেāϰāϞ, āĻ্āϝাāϞāϏিāϝ়াāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āϰāĻ্āϤে āĻĒাāĻāϝ়া āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ āύিāϝ়ে āĻāĻ িāϤ। āϏāĻŽāϝ়েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĢāϞāĻ āĻļāĻ্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āϝাāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āϧāĻŽāύীāĻুāϞি āϏāĻ্āĻুāĻিāϤ āĻāϰে। āĻāĻি āĻ āĻ্āϏিāĻেāύ āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ্āϤেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšāĻে āĻ āĻ্āĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻ ংāĻļāĻুāϞিāϤে āϏীāĻŽাāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻāϰে āϝা āĻļেāώ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻĨ্āϰোāĻŽ্āĻŦোāϏিāϏ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻেāύোāϏিāϏ āϏৃāώ্āĻি āĻāϰে ।
Result of Smoking
Risk of strokes
Heart attacks (myocardial infarction)
Atherosclerosis
Kidney failure
Cerebral hemorrhage
What is the main cause of hypertension?Common factors that can lead to high blood pressure include: A diet high in salt, fat, and/or cholesterol. Chronic conditions such as kidney and hormone problems, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Family history, especially if your parents or other close relatives have high blood pressure.
Hypertensive Heart Disease
Coronary artery disease
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Heart failure
Cerebrovascular Disease
Stroke
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Nephro-sclerosis
Retinal Damage
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside arteries; also known as Arteriosclerosis
āĻ ্āϝাāĻĨেāϰোāϏ্āĻ্āϞেāϰোāϏিāϏ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻি āϰোāĻ āϝা āĻĒ্āϞাāĻāĻি āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āϤৈāϰি āĻāϰে; āĻāϰ্āĻেāϰিāĻāϏ্āĻ্āϞেāϰোāϏিāϏ āύাāĻŽেāĻ āĻĒāϰিāĻিāϤ
Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to organs and other parts of body which provoke chronic inflammation, ultimately causing thrombosis or stenosis.
āĻĒ্āϞ্āϝাāĻুāĻ: āĻĢāϞāĻ āĻĢ্āϝাāĻ, āĻোāϞেāϏ্āĻেāϰāϞ, āĻ্āϝাāϞāϏিāϝ়াāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āϰāĻ্āϤে āĻĒাāĻāϝ়া āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ āύিāϝ়ে āĻāĻ িāϤ। āϏāĻŽāϝ়েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĢāϞāĻ āĻļāĻ্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āϝাāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āϧāĻŽāύীāĻুāϞি āϏāĻ্āĻুāĻিāϤ āĻāϰে। āĻāĻি āĻ āĻ্āϏিāĻেāύ āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ্āϤেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšāĻে āĻ āĻ্āĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻ ংāĻļāĻুāϞিāϤে āϏীāĻŽাāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻāϰে āϝা āĻļেāώ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻĨ্āϰোāĻŽ্āĻŦোāϏিāϏ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻেāύোāϏিāϏ āϏৃāώ্āĻি āĻāϰে ।
Result of Smoking
- Increased Triglyceride and cholesterol
- High blood pressure
- Diabetes
Also known as Coronary Artery Disease, Ischemic Heart Disease,
When the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygenated blood to the heart.
Women are less likely than men to experience chest pain. Instead, they are more likely to experience:
Dizziness
Fatigue
Nausea
Pressure or tightness in the chest
Stomach pain
An acute coronary occasion may cause the following symptoms:
Angina
Cold sweats
Dizziness
Light-headedness
Nausea or a feeling of indigestion
Neck pain
Shortness of breath, especially with activity
Sleep disturbances
Weakness
In Chronic (long-term) coronary heart disease:
Angina (Less severe)
Shortness of breath with physical activity
Fatigue
Neck pain
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack):When the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked and the heart can’t get enough oxygen resulting death of heart muscle, which is clinically known as Heart Attack.
Variation of Troponin level differentiate between a injured and non-injured cardiac tissue.
Normal Range:between 0 and 0.4 ng/mL.
Pressure or tightness in the chest pain in the chest, back, jaw, and other areas of the upper body that lasts more than a few minutes or that goes away and Comes back.
Sweating
Nausea
Vomiting
Anxiety
Cough
Dizziness
Fast heart rate
In Women:
Shortness of breath
Jaw pain
Upper back pain
Lightheadedness
Nausea
Vomiting
Cardiac hypertrophy is the abnormal enlargement, or thickening, of the heart muscle, resulting from increases in cardiomyocyte size and changes in other heart muscle components, such as extracellular matrix.
āĻাāϰ্āĻĄিāϝ়াāĻ āĻšাāĻāĻĒাāϰāĻ্āϰোāĻĢি āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻ āϏ্āĻŦাāĻাāĻŦিāĻ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻŦা āĻāύ āĻšāĻāϝ়া, āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻাāϰ্āĻĄিāĻāĻŽাāϝ়োāϏাāĻāĻেāϰ āĻāĻাāϰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĒাāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻĒেāĻļীāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻāĻĒাāĻĻাāύ āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻšিāϰ্āĻŽুāĻী āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ্āϰিāĻ্āϏেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāĻে।
Valvular Heart Disease:āĻাāϞāĻুāϞাāϰ āĻšৃāĻĻāϰোāĻ
Valvular heart disease is characterized by damage to or a defect in one of the four heart valves: the mitral, aortic, tricuspid or pulmonary.
āĻাāϞāĻুāϞাāϰ āĻšৃāĻĻāϰোāĻেāϰ āĻাāϰāĻি āĻšাāϰ্āĻেāϰ āĻাāϞāĻেāϰ āĻāĻāĻিāϤে āĻ্āώāϤি āĻŦা āĻāĻāĻি āϤ্āϰুāĻি āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻিāĻš্āύিāϤ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ়: āĻŽিāĻ্āϰাāϞ, āĻ āϰ্āĻিāĻ, āĻ্āϰাāĻāĻāϏ্āĻĒিāĻĄ āĻŦা āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি।
The mitral and aortic valves are the ones most frequently affected by valvular heart disease.
āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰঃ
- āϰāĻ্āϤ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰঃ āϰāĻ্āϤ,āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāύ্āĻĄ,āϰāĻ্āϤāĻŦাāĻšিāĻা(āĻļিāϰা,āĻাāϞিāĻা,āϧāĻŽāύী)।
- āϞāϏিāĻা āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰঃ āϞāϏিāĻা,āϞāϏিāĻাāύাāϞী,āϞāϏিāĻাāĻ্āϰāύ্āĻĨি।
āϰāĻ্āϤঃ āĻ্āϰুāĻŖীā§ āĻŽেāϏোāĻĄাāϰ্āĻŽ āĻĨেāĻে āĻā§āĻĒāύ্āύ,āϞাāϞāĻŦāϰ্āĻŖ,āĻ
āϏ্āĻŦāĻ্āĻ,āϞāĻŦāύাāĻ্āϤ,āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻ্āώাāϰāϧāϰ্āĻŽী āϝে āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āϤāϰāϞ āϝোāĻāĻ āĻāϞা āϰāĻ্āϤāϰāϏ āĻ āϰāĻ্āϤāĻāĻŖিāĻাāϰ āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦā§ে āĻāĻ িāϤ।
- āĻĻেāĻšে āϰāĻ্āϤেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāύ ā§Ģ-ā§ŦāϞিāĻাāϰ,āĻŽোāĻ āĻāĻāύেāϰ ā§Ž%।
- ph ā§.ā§Šā§Ģ-ā§.ā§Ēā§Ģ,āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা ā§Šā§Ŧ-ā§Šā§ āĻĄিāĻ্āϰি āϏেāϞāϏিā§াāϏ,āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĒাāύিāϰ āĻেā§ে āĻŦেāĻļি-ā§§.ā§Ļā§Ŧā§Ģ।
- āϰāĻ্āϤāϰāϏেāϰ āĻ্āϝাāϏীā§ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ(O2,CO2,N2)
- āϰেāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ/āύাāĻāĻ্āϰোāĻেāύāϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻ āĻĒ্āϰোāĻিāύ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝ: āĻ ্āϝাāĻŽিāύো āĻāϏিāĻĄ,āĻāĻāϰিā§া, āĻāĻāϰিāĻ āĻāϏিāĻĄ,āĻ্āϰিā§েāĻিāύিāύ।
- āϰāĻ্āϤেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰোāĻিāύ/āĻĒ্āϞাāĻāĻŽা āĻĒ্āϰোāĻিāύ ā§ĒāĻা: āĻ ্āϝাāϞāĻŦুāĻŽিāύ,āĻ্āϞোāĻŦিāĻāϞিāύ, āĻĒ্āϰোāĻĨ্āϰোāĻŽ্āĻŦিāύ,āĻĢাāĻāĻŦ্āϰিāύোāĻেāύ।
- āϏ্āύেāĻšāĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝ: āĻোāϞেāϏ্āĻেāϰāϞ, āĻĢāϏāĻĢোāϞিāĻĒিāĻĄ,āϞেāϏিāĻĨিāύ।
- āϰāĻ্āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ: āĻŦিāϞিāϰুāĻŦিāύ,āĻŦিāϞিāĻাāϰāĻĄিāύ।
♦āϰāĻ্āϤেāϰ āĻাāĻঃāϏāĻŦāĻুāϞো āĻĒā§āϤে āĻšāĻŦে।
♦āϰāĻ্āϤ→āϰāĻ্āϤāϰāϏ/āĻĒ্āϞাāĻāĻŽা(ā§Ģā§Ģ%)
↓
āϰāĻ্āϤāĻāĻŖিāĻা/āĻāϰāĻĒাāϏāϞ(ā§Ēā§Ģ%)
♦āϰāĻ্āϤāϰāϏ/āĻĒ্āϞাāĻāĻŽা→āĻĒাāύি(⧝ā§Ļ-⧝⧍%)+āĻāĻ িāύ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ(ā§Ž-ā§§ā§Ļ%)
♦āϰāĻ্āϤāĻāĻŖিāĻা/āĻāϰāĻĒাāϏāϞ→āϞোāĻšিāϤ āϰāĻ্āϤāĻāĻŖিāĻা,āĻļ্āĻŦেāϤ āϰāĻ্āϤāĻāĻŖিāĻা,āĻ
āĻŖুāĻāĻ্āϰিāĻা।
♦♦āϞোāĻšিāϤ āϰāĻ্āϤāĻāĻŖিāĻাঃErythrocyte→erythro=āϞাāϞ+cyte=āĻোāώ।āϏংāĻ্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ RBC.
→āĻোāϞাāĻাāϰ,āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ
āĻŦāϤāϞ,āύিāĻāĻ্āϞিā§াāϏāĻšীāύ,āĻাāĻāϤিāϰ āĻŽāϤ।
→āĻ্āϰুāĻŖ āĻĻেāĻšে:ā§Žā§Ļ-⧝ā§Ļ āϞাāĻ।
āĻļিāĻļু āĻĻেāĻšে:ā§Ŧā§Ļ-ā§ā§Ļ āϞাāĻ।
āĻĒুāϰুāώ āĻĻেāĻšে:ā§Ģā§Ļ āϞাāĻ।
āύাāϰী āĻĻেāĻšে:ā§Ēā§Ģ āϞাāĻ।
→ā§Ŧā§Ļ-ā§ā§Ļ% āĻĒাāύি,ā§Šā§Ļ% āĻāĻ িāύāĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ(⧝ā§Ļ% āĻšিāĻŽোāĻ্āϞোāĻŦিāύ+ā§§ā§Ļ% āĻ
āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ)।
→āϞোāĻšিāϤ āĻāĻŖিāĻাāϰ āϏংāĻ্āϝা ā§Ģā§Ļ āϞাāĻেāϰ āĻেā§ে ⧍ā§Ģ%āĻāĻŽ āĻšāϞে āϰāĻ্āϤāϏ্āĻŦāĻĒ্āϞāϤা(anaenia)āĻšā§।
→ā§Ŧā§Ģ āϞাāĻেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻšāϞে āĻĒāϞিāϏাāĻāĻĨেāĻŽিā§া āĻŦāϞে।
→āĻšিāĻŽোāĻ্āϞোāĻŦিāύ =āĻšিāĻŽাāĻিāύ(āĻ
āĻĒ্āϰোāĻিāύ)+āĻ্āϞোāĻŦিāύ(āĻĒ্āϰোāĻিāύ)।āĻšিāĻŽ āϞৌāĻš āϰāĻ্āĻāĻ,āϰāĻ্āϤ āϞাāϞ āĻāϰে।
→āĻ
āϏ্āĻĨিāĻŽāĻ্āĻাā§
āĻ
āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ stem cell āĻĨেāĻে āĻā§āĻĒāϤ্āϤি,āĻীāĻŦāύāĻাāϞ ⧧⧍ā§ĻāĻĻিāύ/ā§ĒāĻŽাāϏ,⧧⧍ā§ĻāĻĻিāύ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒ্āϞীāĻšাā§ āύāώ্āĻ āĻšā§।
→āϞোāĻšিāϤ āϰāĻ্āϤāĻāĻŖিāĻাঃāĻļ্āĻŦেāϤ āϰāĻ্āϤāĻāĻŖিāĻা=ā§ā§Ļā§Ļঃā§§।
āĻŦ্āϝাāϤিāĻ্āϰāĻŽ:āĻāĻ,āϰুāĻāĻŽাāĻ,āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ āĻāϰ āϰāĻ্āϤেāϰ āϞোāĻšিāϤ āĻāĻŖিāĻা āύিāĻāĻ্āϞিā§াāϏāϝুāĻ্āϤ।
→āϞোāĻšিāϤ āϰāĻ্āϤāĻāĻŖিāĻাāϰ āĻাāĻ।
♦♦āĻļ্āĻŦেāϤ āϰāĻ্āϤāĻāĻŖিāĻাঃLeucocyte→leucos=āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāĻšীāύ+cyte=āĻোāώ।āϏংāĻ্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ WBC.
→āĻšিāĻŽোāĻ্āϞোāĻŦিāύāĻŦিāĻšীāύ,āĻ
āύিā§āϤাāĻাāϰ, āύিāĻāĻ্āϞিā§াāϏāϝুāĻ্āϤ,āĻŦā§ āĻĢ্āϝাāĻোāϏাāĻāĻিāĻ āĻোāώ।
→āĻোāϞাāĻাāϰ, āĻĄিāĻŽ্āĻŦাāĻাāϰ, āĻŦৃāĻ্āĻাāĻাāϰ,āĻ
āĻļ্āĻŦāĻ্āώুāϰাāĻাāϰ।
→āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ ā§Ģ-ā§ŽāĻšাāĻাāϰ।āĻļিāĻļু āĻ āĻ
āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āĻĻেāĻšে āĻŦেā§ে āϝাā§।
→āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰāĻেāĻĻ:āĻāĻ(pic)
→āĻ
āĻĻাāύাāĻĻাāϰ=āϞিāĻŽা(āϞিāĻŽ্āĻĢোāϏাāĻāĻ,āĻŽāύোāϏাāĻāĻ)
→āĻĻাāύাāĻĻাāϰ=āύিāĻāĻāĻŦে(āύিāĻāĻ্āϰোāĻĢিāϞ,āĻāĻāϏিāύোāĻĢিāϞ,āĻŦেāϏোāĻĢিāϞ)
→āĻĻাāύাāĻĻাāϰ āĻ āĻ
āĻĻাāύাāĻĻাāϰ āĻĒাāĻĨāϰ্āĻ্āϝ।
→āĻāĻāϏিāύোāĻĢিāϞ āϰāĻ্āϤে āĻৃāĻŽিāϰ āϞাāϰ্āĻা,āĻ
্āϝাāϞাāϰ্āĻিāĻ āĻ
্āϝাāύ্āĻিāĻŦāĻĄি āϧ্āĻŦংāϏ āĻāϰে।
→āϞিāĻŽ্āĻĢোāϏাāĻāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāĻš āĻ
āĻ্āĻāϞে āĻĢাāĻāĻŦ্āϰোāĻŦ্āϞাāϏ্āĻে āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤ āĻšā§ে āĻ্āώāϤ āύিāϰাāĻŽā§ āĻāϰে।
→āĻĻাāύাāĻĻাāϰ āϞিāĻāĻোāϏাāĻāĻ→āĻšিāϏ্āĻাāĻŽিāύ āϏৃāώ্āĻি→āϰোāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧ āĻ্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি।
→āϞিāĻŽ্āĻĢোāϏাāĻāĻ→āĻāĻŖুāĻŦীāĻ্āώāĻŖিāĻ āϏৈāύিāĻ।
♦♦āĻ
āύুāĻāĻ্āϰিāĻাঃThrombocyte/Platelets
→āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāĻšীāύ,āύিāĻāĻ্āϞিā§াāϏāĻšীāύ,āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻāĻাāϰāĻšীāύ, āĻ্āώুāĻĻ্āϰāϤāĻŽ āĻāĻŖিāĻা।
→āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ:⧍.ā§Ģ-ā§Ģ āϞাāĻ।
→āĻ
āϏ্āĻĨিāĻŽāĻ্āĻাāϰ āĻŽেāĻাāĻ্āϝাāϰিāĻāϏাāĻāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻā§āĻĒāϤ্āϤি।
→āĻĒ্āϰোāĻিāύ+āĻĒ্āϰāĻুāϰ āϏেāĻĢাāϞিāύ(āĻĢāϏāĻĢোāϞিāĻĒিāĻĄ) āĻĨাāĻে।
→āĻĒ্āϞীāĻšা,āϰেāĻিāĻুāϞো āĻāύ্āĻĄ্āϰোāĻĨেāϞিā§া āĻোāώ āĻ āύāώ্āĻ āĻšā§।
→āĻীāĻŦāύāĻাāϞ:ā§Ģ-ā§§ā§ĻāĻĻিāύ।
→āĻ
āύুāĻāĻ্āϰিāĻাāϰ āĻাāĻ।
♦♦āϰāĻ্āϤ āϤāĻ্āĻāύ/āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻāĻŽাāĻ āĻŦাāϧা(Blood Clotting):
♦Clotting factors:13āĻা।āύাāĻŽ āĻুāϞো āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻāϞেāĻ āĻšāĻŦে।āϤāĻŦে āĻ
āϤ্āϝাāĻŦāĻļ্āϝāĻীā§ ā§ĒāĻা।
āĻĢāϏāĻšāĻ āĻাāĻŦে āϤোāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻĻিāĻ্āĻি →
ā§§.āĻ্āώāϤāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āĻোāώ+āĻĨ্āϰāĻŽ্āĻŦোāϏাāĻāĻ+āĻŦাāϤাāϏ(āĻšেāĻĒাāϰিāύ āĻ
āĻেāĻো)→āĻĨ্āϰāĻŽ্āĻŦোāĻĒ্āϞাāϏ্āĻিāύ(one type of anzyme)
⧍.āĻĨ্āϰāĻŽ্āĻŦোāĻĒ্āϞাāϏ্āĻিāύ+(Ca++)+āĻĒ্āϰোāĻĨ্āϰোāĻŽ্āĻŦিāύ+āĻ
āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু→āĻĨ্āϰāĻŽ্āĻŦিāύ(one type of anzyme)
ā§Š.āĻĨ্āϰāĻŽ্āĻŦিāύ+āĻĢাāĻāĻŦ্āϰিāύোāĻেāύ →āĻĢাāĻāĻŦ্āϰিāύ āĻাāϞāĻ।
ā§Ē.āĻĢাāĻāĻŦ্āϰিāύ āĻাāϞāĻে āϞোāĻšিāϤ āĻāĻŖিāĻাāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ→āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻāĻŽাāĻ āĻŦাāϧা।
→Bleeding time:1-4minute.
→Clotting time:4-5minute.
→āϰāĻ্āϤ āϤāĻ্āĻāύ āϰোāϧāĻ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ:āϏোāĻĄিā§াāĻŽ āϏাāĻāĻ্āϰেāĻ,āĻŦ্āϞাāĻĄ āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ āĻ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšā§।
→āϰāĻ্āϤāĻāĻŖিāĻা āϏৃāώ্āĻিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āϰিā§াāĻে 'āĻšেāĻŽাāĻোāĻĒোā§েāϏিāϏ' āĻŦāϞে।
āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻাāύি,āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻļāϰীāϰ āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻা āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻāĻāĻা āĻ ংāĻļ Heart-āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄ
āϰāĻ্āϤāĻŦাāĻšিāĻাঃ
- āĻļিāϰা: CO2 āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻ āĻ্āĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄ āĻ āĻŦā§ে āύিā§ে āĻāϏে।āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ্āϰāĻŽ āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āĻļিāϰা।
- āĻৈāĻļিāĻ āĻাāϞিāĻা: āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻ āĻāϞাāϰāϏেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āϰিā§াā§ā§ āĻাāĻĻ্āϝāϏাāϰ,O2,CO2,āϰেāĻāύ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝ āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻāĻĻাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻāϰে।
- āϧāĻŽāύি: O2 āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄ āĻĨেāĻে āϏাāϰা āĻĻেāĻšে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰে।āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ্āϰāĻŽ āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āϧāĻŽāύি।
āϰāĻ্āϤāĻাāĻĒঃ
- āϏিāϏ্āĻোāϞিāĻ āĻাāĻĒ-120 mmHg.
- āĻĄাā§াāϏ্āĻোāϞিāĻ āĻাāĻĒ-80 mmHg.
- āύাā§ী āĻাāĻĒ-40 mmHg.
āϰāĻ্āϤāĻাāĻĒ āύিā§āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖঃ
- āĻāĻ্āĻāĻাāĻĒ āĻŦ্āϝাāϰোāϰিāϏিāĻĒ্āĻāϰ।
- āύিāĻŽ্āύāĻাāĻĒ āĻŦ্āϝাāϰোāϰিāϏিāĻĒ্āĻāϰ।
āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄঃ āϞাāϞāĻে-āĻā§েāϰী āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖেāϰ āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄāĻি āϤ্āϰিāĻোāĻŖাāĻাāϰ āĻŽোāĻাāϰ āĻŽāϤ।
āĻāĻাāϰ-āĻāĻৃāϤি:
- āϤ্āϰিāĻোāĻŖাāĻাāϰ,āĻŽোāĻাāϰ āĻŽāϤ।
- āĻāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦাংāĻļ āĻāĻā§া, āĻŦেāϏ(base) āĻŦāϞে।
- āύিāĻŽ্āĻŽাংāĻļ āϏāϰু, āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āϏ(apex) āĻŦāϞে।
- āĻĻৈāϰ্āĻ্āϝ 12 cm, āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āĻĨ 9 cm.
āĻ
āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ:āĻŦāĻ্āώ āĻāĻšāĻŦ্āĻŦāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝ āĻŽিāĻĄিā§াāϏ্āĻিāύাāĻŽ āĻ
āĻ্āĻāϞেāϰ āĻāĻāĻু āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĄাā§াāĻĢ্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰে ⧍ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāϏ্āĻĨāϞে āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻšেāϞাāύো āĻাāĻŦে ā§ĢāĻŽ āĻĒাঁāĻāϰেāϰ āĻĢাঁāĻে āĻ
āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ।
āĻāĻŦāϰāĻŖ:
- āĻĒ্āϝাāϰাāĻāĻাāϞ(āĻŦাāĻšিāϰেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰ)।
- āĻিāϏেāϰাāϞ(āĻিāϤāϰেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰ)।
āϤāύ্āϤুāĻŽā§ āĻāĻŦāϰāĻŖীāĻে 'āĻĢাāĻāĻŦ্āϰাāϏ āĻĒেāϰিāĻাāϰ্āĻĄিā§াāĻŽ' āĻŦāϞে।
⧍ āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻেāϰ āϤāϰāϞ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨāĻে 'āĻĒেāϰিāĻাāϰ্āĻĄিā§াāϞ āĻĢ্āϞুāĻāĻĄ' āĻŦāϞে।
āĻĒেāϰিāĻাāϰ্āĻĄিā§াāϞ āĻĢ্āϞুāĻāĻĄ āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄāĻে āϤাāĻĒ,āĻাāĻĒ,āĻāϰ্āώāĻŖāĻāύিāϤ āĻāĻাāϤ āĻĨেāĻে āϰāĻ্āώা āĻāϰে।
āĻĒেāĻļিāϏ্āϤāϰ/āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰ:
- āĻāĻĒিāĻাāϰ্āĻĄিā§াāĻŽ(Epicardium):āĻŦাāĻšিāϰেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰ,āĻŦিāĻ্āώিāĻĒ্āϤāĻাāĻŦে āĻāϰ্āĻŦি āĻāĻŽে āĻĨাāĻে।
- āĻŽাā§োāĻাāϰ্āĻĄিā§াāĻŽ(Myocardium):āĻĒেāĻļি āĻĻৃā§ āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤিāϰ,āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄāϰ āϏংāĻāĻāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰāĻŖে āϏāĻ্āϰিā§ āĻূāĻŽিāĻা āϰাāĻে।
- āĻāύ্āĻĄোāĻাāϰ্āĻĄিā§াāĻŽ(Endocardium):āϏāĻŦāĻেā§ে āĻেāϤāϰেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰ,āĻšৃāĻĻāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄāĻে āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻোāώ্āĻ āĻ āĻŦিāĻāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰে,āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻাāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻĸেāĻে āϰাāĻে
āĻĒ্āϰāĻোāώ্āĻ :
- āĻĄাāύ āĻ āϞিāύ্āĻĻ (Right Atrium)
- āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ āϞিāύ্āĻĻ(Left Atrium)
- āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧠(Right Ventricle)
- āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧠(Left Ventricle)
- āĻ āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āϤুāϞāύাā§ āύিāϞā§েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰ āĻĒুāϰু āĻ āĻĒেāĻļিāĻŦāĻšুāϞ।
- āĻĄাāύ āĻ āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ CO2 āϝুāĻ্āϤ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻāϏে।
- āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ āϞিāύ্āĻĻে O2 āϝুāĻ্āϤ āϰāĻ্āϤ āĻāϏে।
- āĻ āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āϰāĻ্āϤāĻে āĻļুāϧু āύিāϞā§ে āϏāĻ্āĻাāϞিāϤ āĻāϰে।
- āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞā§েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰ āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞā§েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰেāϰ āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒ্āϰাā§ ā§ŠāĻুāĻŖ āĻĒুāϰু āĻĨাāĻে।
- āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧠āĻেāĻŦāϞāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏে āϰāĻ্āϤ āϏāĻ্āĻাāϞিāϤ āĻāϰে।
- āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧠āϏাāϰা āĻĻেāĻšে āϰāĻ্āϤ āϏāĻ্āĻাāϞিāϤ āĻāϰে।
āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা:
ā§§.āĻ্āϰাāĻāĻাāϏāĻĒিāĻĄ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা→ āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻ āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞā§েāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻāϏ্āĻĨāϞে।
⧍.āĻŦাāĻāĻাāϏāĻĒিāĻĄ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা/āĻŽাāĻāĻ্āϰাāϞ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা→āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻ āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞā§েāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻāϏ্āĻĨāϞে।
ā§Š.āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা→ āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞ⧠āĻ āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āϧāĻŽāύীāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻāϏ্āĻĨāϞে।
ā§Ē.āĻ
্āϝাāĻāϰ্āĻিāĻ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা→ āĻŦাāĻŽ āύিāϞ⧠āĻ āĻ
্āϝাāĻāϰ্āĻাāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻāϏ্āĻĨāϞে।
ā§Ģ.āĻĨিāĻŦেāϏিā§াāύ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা→ āĻāϰোāύাāϰী āϏাāĻāύাāϏ āĻ āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻāϏ্āĻĨāϞে।
ā§Ŧ.āĻāĻāϏ্āĻেāϏিā§াāύ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা→āĻāύāĻĢিāϰিā§āϰ āĻেāύাāĻেāĻা āĻ āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ āĻāϰ āϏংāϝোāĻāϏ্āĻĨāϞে।
āϏেāĻŽিāϞুāύাāϰ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা / āĻ
āϰ্āϧāĻāύ্āĻĻ্āϰাāĻাāϰ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা→āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āĻ āĻ
্āϝাāĻāϰ্āĻিāĻ āϧāĻŽāύিāϰ āĻļুāϰুāϤে।
āϏংāϝোāĻāĻাāϰী āĻāϞা:
ā§§.āϏাāĻāύো āĻ
্āϝাāĻ্āϰিā§াāϞ āύোāĻĄ(SAN)→primary pace maker.
⧍.āĻ
্āϝাāĻ্āϰিāĻ-āĻেāύ্āĻ্āϰিāĻুāϞাāϰ āύোāĻĄ(AVN)
ā§Š.āĻŦাāύ্āĻĄāϞ āĻ
āĻŦ āĻšিāĻ(Bundle of His)
ā§Ē.āĻĒাāϰāĻিāύāĻি āϤāύ্āϤু।
āĻŦাāĻāĻাāϏāĻĒিāĻĄ āĻ āĻ্āϰাāĻāĻাāϏāĻĒিāĻĄ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা āĻে āύিāϞā§েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϝাāĻĒিāϞাāϰী āĻĒেāĻļীāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝুāĻ্āϤ āϰাāĻে āĻāϰ্āĻĄি āĻেāύ্āĻĄিāύি।
Heart Sound:
ā§§.āϞাāĻŦ(Lub)→āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ-āύিāϞ⧠āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা āĻŦāύ্āϧেāϰ āϏāĻŽā§।
⧍.āĻĄাāĻŦ(Dub)→āϏেāĻŽিāϞুāύাāϰ āĻāĻĒাāĻিāĻা āĻŦāύ্āϧেāϰ āϏāĻŽā§।
āĻšৃā§āĻāĻ্āϰ:
ā§§.āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻĄাā§াāϏ্āĻোāϞ=0.7 sec.
⧍.āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏিāϏ্āĻোāϞ=0.1 sec.
ā§Š.āύিāϞā§েāϰ āϏিāϏ্āĻোāϞ=0.3 sec.
ā§Ē.āύিāϞā§েāϰ āĻĄাā§াāϏ্āĻোāϞ=0.5 sec.
- āϏংāĻোāĻāύ āĻে āϏিāϏ্āĻোāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰāĻŖ āĻে āĻĄাā§াāϏ্āĻোāϞ āĻŦāϞে।
- āĻ āϞিāύ্āĻĻেāϰ 0.1sec + 0.7sec= 0.8 sec. āĻāĻŦং āύিāϞā§েāϰ 0.3 sec + 0.5 sec= 0.8 sec.āĻāĻে āĻাāϰ্āĻĄিā§াāĻ āĻāĻ্āϰ āĻŦāϞে
- āĻšৃā§āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āĻŽিāύিāĻে ā§ā§ĢāĻŦাāϰ āĻā§ে।
- SA nod āĻŽিāύিāĻে ā§ā§¨āĻŦাāϰ।
- AV nod āĻŽিāύিāĻে ā§Ģā§ĻāĻŦাāϰ।
- bundle of His āĻŽিāύিāĻে ā§Šā§ŦāĻŦাāϰ।
- āĻĒাāϰāĻিāύāĻি āϤāύ্āϤ ā§Šā§Ļ-ā§Šā§ĢāĻŦাāϰ।
āϰāĻ্āϤ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিঃ
1)āϏিāϏ্āĻেāĻŽিāĻ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ : āĻŦাāĻŽāύিāϞā§→āĻŽāĻšাāϧāĻŽāύী→āĻ
āĻ্āĻ→āĻŽāĻšাāĻļিāϰা→āĻĄাāύ āĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ→āĻĄাāύ āύিāϞā§
2)āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰি āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ :
āĻĄাāύāύিāϞā§→āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰী āϧāĻŽāύী→āĻĢুāϏāĻĢুāϏ→āĻĒাāϞāĻŽোāύাāϰী āĻļিāϰা→āĻŦাāĻŽāĻ
āϞিāύ্āĻĻ→āĻŦাāĻŽāύিāϞā§
3)āĻāϰোāύাāϰী āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ :
āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāύ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāϰেāϰ āϰāĻ্āϤ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ।
4)āĻĒোāϰ্āĻাāϞ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ।
āĻšৃā§āϰোāĻঃ
ā§§.āĻ
্āϝাāύāĻাāĻāύা(āĻšৃā§āĻļূāϞ)।
⧍.āĻšাāϰ্āĻ āĻ
্āϝাāĻাāĻ(āĻŽাā§োāĻাāϰ্āĻĄিā§াāϞ āĻāύāĻĢাāϰ্āĻāĻļāύ)।
ā§Š.āĻšাāϰ্āĻ āĻĢেāĻāϞিāĻāϰ।